Browsing by Author "Devanand, C B"
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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study of ketamine hydrochloride and thiopentone sodium anaesthesia in birds(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Devanand, C B; KAU; Abraham Varkey, CThe present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of (i) ketamine hydrochloride, (ii) thiopentone sodium, and (iii) ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium, for anaesthetising domestic chicken and ducks. Th~rty apparently healthy White Leghorn cocks, aged 18 - 20 weeks and weighing 1.120 - 1.920 kg (Group I) and thirty apparently heal thy White Pekin .dz-ake s , aged 20 - 22 weeks and weighing 1.700 - 2.100 kg (Group II) were used. Group I and II were further divided into three sub-groups, viz.,A, Band C consisting of ten birds each. Ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 100 mg per kg bodyweight was administered in sub-group A, thiopentone sodium (2.5 per cent solution) at the rate of 15 mg per kg in sub-group B, and ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 50 mg per kg followed by thiopentone sodium (2.5 per cent solution) at the rate of 7.5 mg per kg in sub-group C, in both the trials. The drugs were administered intraperi- toneally. During the onset of anaesthesia, when ketamine hydrochloride was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, defaecation and vocalisation were noticed in chicken, but in ducks defaecation was not present. Ruffled feathers, dropping of wings, fluttering and wagging of tail were noticed as additional symptoms in ducks. When thiopentone sodium was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, ruffled feathers and dropping of' wings were noticed in chicken, but in ducks vocalisation and fluttering were noticed in addition. When ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, dropping of neck and wings, and closing of eyelids were noticed in chicken and ducks. In ducks the onset was very quick. All the birds assumed sternal recumbency followed by lateral recumbency after the onset of anaesthesia. As the effect of anaesthesia deepened, pedal reflexes were abolished in both the groups. However, other reflexes such as corneal, pupillary, palpebral and reflexes of the third eyelid, comb and wattles were persisting in chicken and ducks. During ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia eyes were kept open, and when thiopentone sodium or ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium were administered, eyes were kept closed. In ducks, abolished when the reflexes of the third eyelid were ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was administered. The induction was smooth and uneventful in chicken and ducks. The time for induction was 7.30+0.53 min.,. 9.30+0.38 min. and 8.00+0.58 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in chicken, and 9.20±.0.58 min., 10.20+0.87 min. and 4.60+0.70 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respecti vely in ducks. The time for induction was the least in chicken when ketamine hydrochloride was used, and ln ducks when ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was used. The duration of anaesthesia was 63.40+2.16 min., 31.40+1.82 min. and 40.20+3.99 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in chicken, and 35.90±2.43 min., 18.90+0.99 min. and 20.20+0.89 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in .du ck s , The duration of anaesthesia was maximum when ketamine hydrochloride was administered and minimum when thiopentone sodium was administered in both the groups. The duration of recovery was 135.50+9.24 min. in sub-group A, 149.60+8.32 mln. in sub~group B and 131.20+5.10 min. in . sub-group C, in chicken, and 84.50+7.31 min. in sub-group A, . 64.40+8.33 min. in sub-group Band 113.10+6.15 min. in sub-group C, in ducks. The duration of recovery was the least when ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was used in chicken, and when thiopentone sodium was used in ducks. The recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and uneventful in both the groups. Vigorous shaking of the head was seen when ketamine hydrochloride was administered in ducks. There was reduction in cloacal temperature during anaesthesia. Respiration rate showed an initial rise followed by gradual reduction. The total erythrocyte count was decreased during anaesthesia. The total leukocyte count was decreased in sub-groups A and B, and increased in sub-group C, in chicken. There was an increase in total leukocyte count in ducks. Lymphocyte count was decreased, but heterophil count and eosinophil count were increased. There was no response to pain on incising and suturing the skin, muscles and peritoneum except for slight movement while incising the skin during ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia. Focal congestion of liver and kidney were noticed on the 5th day. Mild degree of inflammatory reaction on the parietal peritoneum was noticed at the point of entry of the needle wherein thiopentone sodium was administered. From the results of present study, it could be found that intraperitoneal administration of ketamine hydrochloride, thiopentone sodium, and ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium resulted in satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in chicken and ducks. For chicken, ketamine hydrochloride is preferred because of the comparatively least time for induction, prolonged duration of anaesthesia and recovery. Post anaesthetic complications were not found. In ducks the duration of anaesthesia was more, when ketamine hydrochloride was administered, but vigorous shaking of the head was seen during the period fr~v.ay. Hence, for ducks, ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium is preferred because of the comparatively least time for induction and satisfactory duration of anaesthesia and recovery.ThesisItem Open Access Endoscopic evaluation of oesophageal and gastric disorders and its management in dogs(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Lekshmi, V; KAU; Devanand, C BEndoscopic evaluation of oesophagus and stomach was conducted in seven dogs of either sex, belonging to different breeds and age groups presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy and Kokkali, with the history of reduction in food intake, regurgitation or chronic vomiting. The incidence, clinical signs, haematological and serum biochemical changes, radiographic and endoscopic observations, efficacy of treatment adopted and postoperative management were studied. The incidence of gastro-oesophageal disorders was more in Labrador Retriever and non descript dogs. The age of the dogs ranged from six months to nine years with a mean age of 3.57 + 1.21 years. Gastric foreign body was found in dogs with age six months and two and half years and both of them were female. Megaoesophagus condition was noticed only in male dogs. The body weight of dogs ranged from 12 kg to 38 kg with a mean of 23.14 + 3.34 kg. The prominent clinical signs observed were chronic vomiting, regurgitation or anorexia. Vomitus contained undigested food materials and vomiting was noticed immediately or 10 to 30 minutes after food intake in those dogs suffering from megaoesophagus. Among the dogs examined, four were dull and emaciated. The dogs with gastric foreign body obstruction were active and in good body condition. Pain on palpation of abdomen was observed in the dog with pyloric ulcer and hypertrophy. Palpable mass could be detected in the upper half of the left anterior abdominal region in one dog with gastric foreign body obstruction. The physiological, haematological and serum biochemical parameters were within normal range in all the animals prior to endoscopic evaluation and on eighth day of initiation of treatment. Serum T4 estimation revealed hypothyroidism in two cases of megaoesophagus. The different conditions included gastric foreign body obstruction (2), pyloric ulcer along with hypertrophy (1) and megaoesophagus (4) and were diagnosed by radiographic (plain and contrast) and endoscopic examination. Foreign bodies were retrieved by endoscopy, pyloric ulcer and megaoesophagus were treated medically. In a non-responsive condition of megaoesophagus due to stricture of cardia, cardiomyotomy was performed as surgical treatment. Postoperatively the animal was managed by fluid therapy for three days and antibiotic for seven days. The skin sutures were removed on 10th postoperative day. On 15th day, endoscopic evaluation revealed ulcerations on the distal third of oesophageal mucosa due to gastro-oesophageal reflux. Administration of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and oxethazine preparation orally for a week could give favourable result. The appropriate treatment measures adopted viz. endoscopic, medical and surgical were satisfactory to obtain substantial cure from the conditions in all the dogs and the results of treatments were evaluated endoscopically.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of polyvinyl chloride splints for the treatment of long bone fractures in dogs(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Divya Balan; KAU; Devanand, C BThe present study was undertaken with the objective to evaluate the efficacy of PVC splints and its immobilizing effects in managing long bone fractures in dogs. The study was carried out in twelve clinical cases of fracture of radius and ulna in dogs of either sex presented to the clinics of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The animals were randomly divided into two groups (Group I and Group 11) consisting of six animals each. After clinical examination of the animals, the fracture was reduced by closed method under sedation by administering atropine sulphate followed by xylazine hydrochloride intramuscularly and in certain cases, thiopentone sodium was also administered 'to effect' general anaesthesia. The affected limb was immobilized by application of plaster of Paris cast in Group I and application of PVC splint in Group II. All the animals were kept under observation for a period of 30 days after the treatment in both the groups. A marginal decrease in respiration rate and pulse rate and a normal range of rectal temperature were observed during the early post-treatment period in all the animals of both the groups. Fifty per cent of animals in each group started bearing weight on the affected limb by the end of 15th post-treatment day. Symptoms like soft tissue trauma, oedema, instability, pain, loosening and mutilation of the immobilization devise were relatively more in animals of Group II, but these complications could be attended readily in animals of this group. By the end of 30th post-treatment day, all the animals in Group I could bear weight and able to walk on the affected limb, but pain at the fracture site persisted in three animals. In Group II three animals were able to use the limb actively while other animals exhibited a little difficulty in walking but the gait became normal after some days. A marginal increase in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and total leucocyte count were observed on 15th post-treatment day in haemogram. Differential leucocyte count revealed neutrophilia and decrease in lymphocyte count on 15th post-treatment day. Eosinophil, basophil and monocyte counts exhibited marginal variation during the post-treatment period. By the end of 15th post-treatment day, periosteal reaction started I developing at the site of fracture in majority of animals in each group. Perfect apposition of the bone fragment was observed In one animal in Group 11. Obliteration of medullary canal was noticed in all the animals of both the groups. By 30th post-treatment day all animals in Group I and two animals in Group II exhibited moderate amount of periosteal callus. Complete bridging of fracture gap was noticed in two animals in Group I and four animals in Group II. In all other animals gap between the bone fragments was evident partially. An increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and serum acid phosphatase level was observed in the immediate post-treatment period in all the animals.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of preoperative dextrose infusion in dogs for elective surgery(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2005) Laiju, M Philip; KAU; Devanand, C BThe study was conducted in twelve clinically healthy nondescript bitches presented to the clinics of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy for panhysterectomy, to evaluate the effect of preoperative dextrose infusion in alleviating stress, to promote healing and postoperative recovery. The animals were divided into two groups. In Group I, panhysterectomy was done under general anaesthesia after overnight fasting and in group II, panhysterectomy was done under general anaesthesia after overnight fasting and administration of 12.5 per cent dextrose at the rate of 5 ml per kg intravenously two hours prior to induction of anaesthesia. Physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated before surgery, immediately after surgery, at 24th hour, on 4th day and 8th day postoperatively. Cortisol concentration was estimated before surgery, immediately after surgery and at 24th hour postoperatively in Group I, and before dextrose infusion, before surgery, immediately after surgery and at 24th hour postoperatively in Group II. Wound healing and recovery were assessed during postoperative period. The duration of recovery was reduced to half in group II compared to group I. Significant difference in physiological parameters like rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate could be observed among groups during the observation periods, but was not significant (P<0.05) between groups. Generalised leucopenia detected immediately after surgery and became mild leucocytosis with concurrent neutrophilia and lymphopenia were noted among groups by 24th hour postoperatively. The variation in haematological parameters was not significant between groups. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in the cortisol and glucose concentrations immediately after surgery compared to preoperative value in both the groups, but a significant (P<0.05) decrease in those animals received preoperative dextrose infusion compared to group I. The general healing pattern related to cellular and fibrous components were similar between the groups. Faster recovery and early return to normal activity and feeding habits were observed in animals received dextrose infusion in the preoperative period. In the present study preoperative dextrose infusion initiated positive benefits in terms of patient well being and postoperative outcome in dogs after panhysterectomy. The favourable outcome of the study recommends preoperative dextrose infusion in dogs for elective surgery as a protocol in future practices in animal surgery.ThesisItem Open Access Processed canine and fish collagen sheets for cystoplasty in rabbits and dogs(Kerala Agricultural University;Thrissur, 2002) Devanand, C B; KAU; Nayar, K.N. MuraleedharanThesisItem Open Access Radiographic evaluation of otitis in dogs(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2004) Sachin, J Shenoy; KAU; Devanand, C BThe study was carried out in twelve clinical cases of dogs of either sex with history of affection of ear canal of different breeds and age groups presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences at Mannuthy and Kokkalai to evaluate the radiographic changes associated with otitis. The animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination to study the type and extent of lesions present. Based on the lesion and the nature of the otic discharge the animals were subjected to radiography of the ear canal to assess the extent of affection to the auditory system. The study revealed a higher incidence of otitis in German Shepherd Dogs The incidence was more in male dogs than females with the majority of animals below four years of age. The symptoms observed included discharge from the affected ears, pawing and rubbing of the affected ear, shaking of the head, pain on palpation at the base of the ear, tilting of the head to the side of affection, drooping of the affected ear, drooping of the upper lip of affected side and Horner’s syndrome depending upon the severity of the condition. Physiological values of all the animals were within the normal range. Haematological studies revealed elevation in neutrophil count with corresponding decrease in lymphocyte count. Gram positive cocci, gram negative bacilli and yeasts were isolated from the otic discharge. Majority of the isolates were gram-positive cocci sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Otoscopic examination revealed ulceration and erythema of the external ear canal and the state of the tympanic membrane in cases of otitis. Radiographic changes noticed on dorso-ventral view were opacification of the horizontal and vertical canals and sclerosis of petrous temporal bone. The changes noticed on lateral-oblique view were thickening and lysis of the wall of tympanic bulla. Rostro-caudal open mouth view showed increased radio opacity of tympanic bulla in otitis media. Positive contrast ear canalogram showed reduction in lumen diameter of the horizontal canals indicating obliteration and stenosis suggestive of end stage otitis. Also rupture of tympanic membrane was diagnosed when the contrast medium was evident in the tympanic bulla. In cases where there was involvement of middle ear or extensive calcification of the external ear canal, the recovery with medical management was difficult or slow necessitating surgical management.