Browsing by Author "Chaudhary, Avnish"

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    Anatomical observations on the centers of ossification in the long bones of appendicular skeleton in prenatal goat (Capra hircus)
    (U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, 2017-10-06) Chaudhary, Avnish; Pathak, Archana
    The study was conducted on the long bones of fore and hind limbs of apparently healthy embryos/ foetuses of non descript goats irrespectively of sex from 1 to 150 days of gestation, divided into three group viz; Group I (≤ 50 days of gestation), Group II (>50 days to ≤100 days of gestation) and Group III (> 100days till parturation) comprising of 8 embryos/ foetuses in each group. The study revealed that in early prenatal goats the fore limb bud was laid as a conspicuous extension from the cranio-lateral aspect of trunk region on 35 days of gestation. It became more elongated and divided into two segments on 37 days, three segments on 38 days and four segments on 39 days of gestation to form shoulder, arm, forearm and manus regions. The bud for the hind limb was seen as a paddle shaped out growth from the caudal aspect of trunk region on 35 days of gestation. It became more elongated on 37 and 38 days of gestation. On 39 days three distinct segments were present which would form thigh, leg and pes regions. On 44 days miniature fore and hind limbs were seen in cartilaginous form. Histologically, on 35 days of gestation, the primordium comprising of mesenchymal cells surrounded by several blood vessels was laid. At 37 days, the anlagens were formed of early stages of developing cartilages. On 39 days they presented typical chondrocytes in the capsules surrounded by a dense layer of matrix. The peripheral mesenchymal cells formed the perichondrium. At 46 days of gestation the centres of ossification were observed for the diaphyses of humerus, radius and ulna (Alizarin Red-S stained specimen). The centre of ossification for the shaft of metacarpals, appeared on 55 days of gestation and for I phalanx and II phalanx it appeared on 62 days of gestation. The total length and ossified length of various long bones of fore limb increased with the increase in age (from 46-148 days of gestation). The centres of ossification for the proximal and distal extremities of humerus appeared at 119 and 135 days of gestation respectively. In radius, the centres of ossification for proximal and distal extremities were exhibited on 135 days of gestation. The centre of ossification for olecranon tuberosity of ulna appeared on 129 days of gestation. The centres of ossification for the distal and proximal extremities of metacarpus were exhibited on 135 and 148 days of gestation, respectively. The centres of ossification for the diaphyses of femur, tibia and fibula, appeared on 46 days and for metatarsus on 55 days of gestation (Alizarin Red-S techniques). The centres of ossification for the shaft of I and II phalanges were exhibited on 62 days of gestation. The centres of ossification for the head of femur and distal extremity were observed on 129 days of gestation but for trochanter major it appeared on 135 days of gestation. In tibia the centres of ossification for proximal and distal extremities appeared on 135 days of gestation. The shaft of fibula was not traceable after 55 days of gestation. The centre of ossification for the distal extremity of metatarsus was seen on 135 days of gestation. Radiographically, the centres of ossification for the diaphyses of humerus, radius, ulna and metacarpals were exhibited on 71 days of gestation. The centres of ossification for distal and proximal epiphyses of humerus were detected on 129 and 135 days of gestation, respectively. The centres of ossification for proximal and distal epiphyses of radius exhibited on 129 and 135 days of gestation. The centre of ossification for olecranon tuberosity of ulna apperared on 148 days of gestation. The centre of ossification for distal extremity of metacarpals was exhibited on 135 days of gestation. The centers of ossification for the shaft of I and II phalanges in fore limb appeared on 71 and 82 days of gestation and for proximal extremity of both phalanges it appeared on 148 days of gestation. The centres of ossification for the diaphyses of femur, tibia and metatarsals were detected on 71 days of gestation. The centres of ossification for the proximal and distal epiphyses of femur were detected on 129 days of gestation, but for trochanter major was appreciated on 135 days. The centres of ossification for proximal and distal extremities of tibia appeared on 129 and 135 days, respectively. For the distal extremity of metatarsals, the centre of ossification was exhibited on 135 days of gestation. The centres of ossification for the diaphyses of I and II phalanges appeared on 71 and 82 days of gestation, respectively. For the proximal extremity of both the phalanges the centre of ossification appeared on 148 days of gestation. It is concluded that, the early centre of ossification can be detected quite satisfactorily by Alizarin Red-S technique. Radiogaphically these can be detected either on the same day or after that. Thus among the two methods, the staining methods is more of academic importance while the radiographic procedure is more practical and can be effectively used for diagnostic purposes.
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