Browsing by Author "Chandrashekhara, N."
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ThesisItem Open Access Immunological Evalution of Escherichia Coli Biofilm Vaccine in Cattle(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2009-07-15) Chandrashekhara, N.; Shrikrishna, Isloor; Rathnamma, D.; yathiraj, S.; Sridhar, N.B.; Byregowda, S.M.; --, --The study was carried out to evaluate T cell proliferative response in cattle by analyzing lymphocyte subpopulation with reference to CD4 and CD8 cells by flow cytometry and humoral immune response with reference to serum IgG level by indirect ELISA, in mastitis causing E.coli Biofilm vaccinated and Free cell vaccinated groups. In all, eighteen cattle in early lactation which were free from mastitis were subjected to trials. Bentonite clay (an adjuvant by itself) based E.coli BF and FC vaccines were administered at 0, 30 and 60 days. Freund’s incomplete adjuvant was incorporated in the first shot. In Flow cytometric analysis, vaccination based on the E.coli BF showed significant enhancement in CD4 and CD8 cells. The percentage of CD4 and CD8 increased significantly in the E.coli BF vaccinated groups than in the control group and further, in comparison with E.coli FC vaccine, the percentage of CD4 and CD8 cell population found to be marginally increased on days 60 and 90 and significantly increased on day 120 post vaccination. Further, serum IgG level detected by indirect ELISA was significantly higher in BF vaccinated than FC vaccinated groups. The increased levels of IgG in the BF vaccinated serum coincided with the CD4 levels determined by the flow cytometry, indicating the higher titres of IgG due to the presence of CD4 cells. Both BF and FC vaccinated groups showed significant difference with control group. T cell proliferative immunological response by analyzing lymphocyte subpopulation with reference to CD4 and CD8 cells and humoral immune responses indicated superiority of bovine mastitis causing E.coli BF vaccine over FC vaccine.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular Characterization of Rabies Virus and Diagnosis of Rabies by Rt-Pcr in Animals(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2013-05-09) Chandrashekhara, N.; Rathnamma, D.; Mukhopadhyaya, H.K.; Shrikrishna Isloor; Veeregowda, B.M.; Yathiraj, S.; Satyanarayana, M.L.; Suguna RaoA total of 124 rabies suspected brain samples collected from five different animal species spread across five geographically distinct states viz., Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh were subjected to FAT, dRIT and conventional RT-PCR to arrive at confirmatory diagnosis of rabies. Further, in the study forty nine saliva samples for ante mortem diagnosis and fifty two skin samples for post mortem diagnosis from rabies suspected animals were also collected and subjected for RT-PCR respectively. Ninety three of 124 samples turned positive both by FAT and dRIT, whereas 97 rabies suspected brain samples were found positive by RT-PCR. Only eight out of 49 saliva samples and seven out of 52 skin samples turned positive by RT-PCR for ante mortem and post mortem diagnosis of rabies respectively. Twenty one RT-PCR amplicons including positive control vaccine virus amplicon were chosen for nucleotide sequencing and comparison of sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of a portion of N gene of 21 RABV nucleotide sequences from southern states of India in comparison to other Indian and exotic RABV and RRVs revealed that RABV nucleotide sequences from southern India exist as a single genetic cluster irrespective of region and species of origin and are related to one another and vaccine strain clustered with Pasteur and Challenge Virus Strains. The analysis also revealed the close relationship of RABV nucleotide sequences from Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the Sri Lankan RABV variants. Further, in the study Indian RABV nucleotide sequences were not found to be related to RRVs.