Browsing by Author "Chandra, G. Sarath"
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ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Poultry Feedstuff, Feeds and Products(TANUVAS, 2009) Vanitha, P; TANUVAS; Venukopalan, K; Rajini, R. Asha; Chandra, G. SarathOtherItem Open Access Monitoring of Mycotoxins in Feed Ingredients and Feed for Dairy Cattle - A HACCP Approach towards Food Security(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2013-06) Ramesh, J.; Chandra, G. Sarath; Kumar, V. SureshThesisItem Open Access Penicillic Acid Mycotoxicosis in Broiler Chicken(TANUVAS, 2003) Sarmadha, M.K.; TANUVAS; Balachandran, C.; Manohar, B. Murali; Chandra, G. SarathOtherItem Open Access Prevalence of Pinworm Infection in Laboratory Rodents with Emphasis on Speciation, Chemotherapy and TH2 Cytokine Profiling(TANUVAS, 2016-02) Sundar, S.T. Bino; Harikrishnan, T.J.; Latha, Bhaskaran Ravi; Chandra, G. Sarath; Senthilkumar, T.M.A.; Srinivasan, M.R.; Ramesh, S.; Azhahianambi, P.; Raman, M.; Tirumurugaan, K.G.; Pandian, Serma SaravanaThesisItem Open Access Residue Profile of Chlortetracycline and Tylosin in Layer Chicken(TANUVAS, 2012) Kodimalar, K; TANUVAS; Rajini, R. Asha; Chandra, G. Sarath; Valavan, S. EzhilThesisItem Open Access Residue Profile of Enrofloxacin and its Primary Metabolite Ciprofloxacin in Broiler Chicken(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 2012) Kumar, V. Suresh; TANUVAS; Chandra, G. Sarath; Hariharan, P.; Thejomoorthy, P.; Vairamuthu, S.An experimental trial was conducted to determine the residueomics of enrofloxacin and its primary metabolite ciprofloxacin in broiler chicken under controlled experimental condition, at recommended therapeutic dose of enrofloxacin @ 10mg Kg-1 in drinking water for five consecutive days (from 43rd to 47th day of age), till 9th day post treatment. Parameters like Zootechnical performance, behavioural, haematology, biochemical, immunological, histopathological and transmission electron microscopic profile were studied as an index of Safety Pharmacology of enrofloxacin in broiler chicken. Effects of various cooking process (Boiling, microwaving, roasting and grilling) on enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin residues in edible tissues of broiler chicken were also evaluated. A field study was conducted to assess the prevalence of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in broiler meat and organ samples collected from various retail outlets in Chennai. A high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in plasma and edible tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and skin). As a non invasive technique to monitor drug residues, standardized the HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in feather and droppings. In the experimental study, during the post treatment period the tissue : blood concentration ratio for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin residues in liver and kidney was found to be high. The ratio for enrofloxacin on day 1 post treatment in breast muscle was equal, but in thigh muscle and skin it was below while exceeded the plasma concentration on day 3 post treatment. The ciprofloxacin concentrations were always lower than that of the parent drug enrofloxacin. With the exception of critical metabolic and excretory organs (liver: 20-70% and kidney: 28-62%), tissue (skin, breast and thigh muscle) ciprofloxacin never exceeded the 4-6% of the parent drug concentrations. Ciprofloxacin was found to be rapidly depleted from the chicken body compared to that of enrofloxacin. There was a significant difference in total enrofloxacin residues between breast muscle and thigh muscle at all the time points examined during the withdrawal period. The withdrawal period for enrofloxacin and its primary metabolite ciprofloxacin in broiler chicken was calculated as per EU and Japan MRLs. Accordingly, it was found to be 5 days and 9 days respectively. High level of enrofloxacin residues was recorded in feathers, even at concentrations far higher than those measured in edible tissues. Withdrawal times, based on the concentrations of enrofloxacin residues in edible chicken meat, were not adequate to reduce antimicrobial residues in chicken feathers. Enrofloxacin residues could be detected in droppings even up to 7th day post treatment, thus it warrants environmental concern. Enrofloxacin administration decreased the lymphocyte count and humoral immune response, with associated histopathological changes in spleen and bursa of Fabricius, however, on 9th day post treatment reversal in the effect was noticed. It did not have any appreciable effect on Zootechnical performance of the broilers. A significant elevation in serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) was observed after the 4th dose of the enrofloxacin and on day 1 post treatment. The elevated levels were declined gradually during the withdrawal period. The elevated levels of the GGT were correlated with the histopathological changes of the liver and further validated by the electron microscopic observations. A significant but transient increase in serum uric acid and creatinine was noticed after the 4th dose and on day 1 post treatment of enrofloxacin. The elevated levels were declined gradually during the withdrawal period. These biochemical changes were in congruent to histopathological alterations in kidneys and further bolstered by the ultra structural changes observed in kidney. Histopathological examination of skin revealed hyperkeratosis and thickening of the epithelial layer, however, lesions were mild and revealed normal epidermis layer in day 7 and 9 post treatment groups. The histopathological results of feather follicle showed hyperplasia of squamous epithelial cells and vacuolated epithelial cells, which were persisted in day 1 and 3 post treatment groups. However, hyperplasia of follicular epithelium is the only appreciable lesion found to be persisted till 9th day post treatment. Fluoroquinolone arthropathy was manifested in juvenile cartilages as evidenced by histopathological changes in articular and sternal cartilages, and possible correlation with a significant reduction in antioxidant enzymes (Glutathione S-transferase, Glutathione and Catalase) in liver, muscle and serum. Different cooking methods caused perceptible decrease in enrofloxacin residue levels in all the tissues studied, however, the residue levels remained high in cooked tissues and found to be far above the MRLs prescribed by EU and Japan. Amongst the various agents affecting antibiotics residue after the cooking process, it was found that cooking time and temperature can play crucial roles about antibiotic residue reduction. The field study revealed that 30.56% of the samples investigated were found to contain detectable levels of enrofloxacin residues at the time of marketing. The incidence of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues as found in broiler, tissue wise was as follows: liver>kidney>skin. However, the residues of enrofloxacin were not detected in any of the breast and thigh muscle samples investigated. Even though the mean concentrations of enrofloxacin residues were found to be below the MRLs prescribed by EU and Japan regulations, 4 (18.18%) liver, 3 (16.67%) kidney and 2 (13.33%) skin samples had enrofloxacin residues higher than the Japan MRLs and found to be violating the regulations. However, all muscle samples investigated were found to be safe as per EU and Japan MRLs.ArticleItem Open Access Smart Delivery of Antiparasitic Vaccines of Veterinary Importance - A Review(2016-08) Sundar, S.T. Bino; Harikrishnan, T.J.; Latha, Bhaskaran Ravi; Chandra, G. Sarath; Senthilkumar, T.M.A.; TANUVASProtection of domestic animals and human beings against parasitic infections remains a major challenge in most of the developing countries, especially in the surge of drug resistant strains. In this circumstance vaccination seems to be the sole practical strategy to combat parasites. Potent delivery systems can tremendously improve the effectiveness of vaccines by accelerating the immune responses and use of smart or “needle-free technologies” pave way for successful vaccine delivery.ArticleItem Open Access Vitamin E concentration in eggs of rural and urban range and cage reared chicken in two seasons(Indian Poultry Science Association, 2014-03) Kumar, T. Vasantha; Rajini, R. Asha; Chandra, G. Sarath; TANUVASA factorial experiment of three rearing systems in two seasons was conducted using eggs from range birds of rural and urban areas and commercial chicken eggs from cage layers. The eggs from rural poultry were collected in villages spread throughout Tamil Nadu and urban eggs from ten places around Chennai city; the commercial eggs were taken from ten wholesale outlets located in the city of Chennai. 300 eggs each for rural, urban and commercial eggs respectively were collected in each season comprising a total of 1800 eggs. Three eggs each were randomly selected from thirty eggs collected from each area/location (30 eggs per system) to estimate the total α-Tocopherol in the eggs. There was a highly significant (P<0.01) difference in the α-Tocopherol content of the egg between the different rearing systems and seasons. Eggs collected from the commercial layers gave significantly (P<0.01) higher α- Tocopherol when compared to the eggs from urban range reared or the rural range reared birds. Eggs laid during the monsoon season had significantly (P<0.01) higher α-Tocopherol. Eggs from the cage reared commercial layer and eggs collected during the monsoon season had significantly (P<0.01) higher α-Tocopherol levels.ArticleItem Open Access நச்சு நோய் கண்டறிதலுக்குத் தேவையான மாதிரிகள் - கால்நடை மருத்துவர்களுக்கு ஒரு வழிகாட்டி(TANUVAS, 2011-10) Sureshkumar, V.; Ramesh, J.; Chandra, G. Sarath; Manohar, B. Murali; TANUVAS