Browsing by Author "CHANDRA, RAMESH"
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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PROBIOTIC FERMENTED MILK AND PROBIOTIC POWDER FORM SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH AND HEALTH STATUS OF DAIRY CALVES(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2021) RASHID, HAROON; CHANDRA, RAMESHThe present study was carried out to study the effect of probiotic fermented milk and powder form probiotics on growth performance, health status and faecal characteristics in Sahiwal calves. Eighteen neonatal calves (5-7days) were randomly allotted into three dietary groups viz. T0, T1 and T2. T0 were fed on basal diet with no probiotic supplementation i.e., control group. Calves of T1 group were fed on basal diet and probiotic feremented milk contain 108 cfu/ml @ 100 ml/calf /day i.e. 1010 cfu/calf/day. The calves of T2 group were fed on basal diet and powder form probiotics contain 109 cfu/g @ 10g/calf/day i.e. 1010 cfu/calf/day. The Lactobacillus strains used for the probiotic preparation were Lactobacillus plantarum CRD 2 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRD 9 in 1:1 ratio. The final body weight and average daily gain were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T1 and T2 as compared to T0. The average dry matter intake was significantly (p<0.05) highest in the T2 and T1 groups as compared to T0 and there was no signifiant difference between T1 and T2 groups. The body length, heart girth, withers height, abdominal girth and hip height were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T1 group as compared to the T0. The faecal score and faecal pH was signifcantly reduced in the probiotic supplementaion group, as compared to the control group. The health positive bacteria (faecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) count was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the T1 and T2 groups, as compared to the T0. The health negative bacteria (faecal Coliform and Clostridrium) count were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the T1 and T2 groups, as compared to T0. The plasma glucose level was signifcantly (p<0.05) higher in the probiotic supplemented group as compared to control. Overall, the results concluded that the probiotic supplementaion to Sahiwal calves was effective in improving the growth performance and health status. Further it was also concluded that powder form probiotic is more stable and have longer shelf life for storage because of its low water activity and moisture content.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL MIXTURE SUPPLEMENTATION DURING TRANSITION PERIOD ON IMMUNITY, PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SAHIWAL COWS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) YADAV, ARCHANA; CHANDRA, RAMESHThe present investigation was conducted at LRC, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal to find out the effect of polyherbal mixture supplementation on immunity, productive and reproductive performance of Sahiwal cows during transition. Multiparous 32 Sahiwal cows were selected and divided into four groups, eight (8) cows in each group. Control (T0) group of cows were offered the ration as per the standard feeding schedule (NRC, 2001) followed at LRC. The treatment group (T1, T2 and T3) cows were offered the same ration and with additionally in T1 group 200g polyherbal (50g each Shatavari, Methi and Jeera; 25g each Dalchini and Tulsi ; added with 250g jaggery) mixture was offered for 30 days before and 60 days after calving and in T2 group 150g Kadha or polyherbal mixture (25g each Ajwain, Fennel, Ginger, Black cardamom and Black seeds, 20g Turmeric and 5g Clove; boiled in 1 liter water for 20- 30 minutes with 25g Black salt and jaggery) offered was offered from parturition to 7 days postpartum and in T3 group polyherbal mixture combination was given as a treatment. The productive, reproductive and immunological related parameters were recorded from 30 days ante-partum to 60 days of postpartum period. Analysis of variance of data revealed that, the body weight of cows and BCS were higher however DMI and FCE were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in the T1 and T3 as compared to T0 and T2 group. Cows of T1, T2 and T3 groups had significantly (P≤0.05) higher colostrum and milk yield with 4% FCM and ECM and lower milk SCC without affecting milk quality. Incidence of production and reproductive disorders were very low in treatment groups. Time required for expulsion of fetal membranes, days to first observed heat, days to first service, number of services per conception were non significantly lower. However, conception and pregnancy rate were higher in T3, T2 and T1 as compared to T0. Involution rate, diameter and numbers of follicles were higher (P≤0.01) in T3, T2 and T1 than T0. Cows of treatment group were in better energy balance as compared to control as indicated by significantly lower plasma levels of NEFA (P≤0.01), blood urea nitrogen (P≤0.05) and higher glucose concentrations (P≤0.01). TLC and neutrophil (%) were higher however, lymphocyte (%) was lower significantly (P≤0.05) in the T0 followed by T2, T1 and T3. The Hb, RBC, PCV, eosinophil (%), basophil (%), monocyte (%) and globulin were in normal range in all the groups. Although TAC and PA were significantly (P≤0.01)) higher in the treatment group than the control. Total protein, albumin and immunoglobulins in colostrum were higher (P≤0.05) in T1 and T3 as compared to T0 and T2 groups. Immunoglobulins in blood and body weight were also higher (P≤0.05) in T1 and T3 as compared to T0 and T2 groups of cows and their calves. Treatment groups had higher (P≤0.05) progesterone, GSH-Px and lower (P≤0.01) cortisol, SOD and lipid peroxidation level in plasma as compared to control. It may be concluded that the combination of polyherbal supplementation had better effect on productive, reproductive and immunological status of Sahiwal cows during transition period.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PRE AND POST PARTUM FEEDING OF AZOLLA PINNATA AND FLAXSEED ON PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED DOES AND THEIR KIDS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2021) CHOMBA LANGAMU; CHANDRA, RAMESHThe present study was conducted at Livestock Research Centre of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (N.D.R.I.), Karnal, Haryana, India. It has been established in earlier that transition period in livestock influences the production, health and future productivity of a dam. It also influences the performance of their young ones. Therefore, management of the transition period is cardinal to the performance of a herd/flock. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of pre- and post-partum feeding of Azolla and flaxseed on the immunity and production performance of does and their kids. Twenty-four pregnant Alpine x Beetal does (ages between 2-4 years) were divided into four homogenous groups, six in each. Four diets were offered: Basal diet of 60:40 fodder and concentrate offered as control without any replacement group (C); in second group (T1) 10% concentrate was replaced with azolla; third group (T2) 10% concentrate was replaced with flaxseed; and fourth group (T3) 5% and 5% of the concentrate was replaced by azolla and flaxseed respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) lower in dry matter intake in T1 as compared to the other groups, though it showed significantly (P<0.05) higher digestibility in dry matter (DM) than control (C) and organic matter (OM) digestibility was also higher as compared to the other groups. DCP/DMI was improved (P<0.05) by 8.04% in T1; 19.31% in T2; and 16.71% in T3. Digestion of EE was significantly (P<0.05) improved replacing of 10% concentrate with flaxseed; DEE was also improved (P<0.05) in T2 and T3. DCF was significantly (P<0.05) improved in T2; Digestibility of ADF was significantly (P<0.05) improved in T3; and TDN of the feed was significantly (P<0.05) improved T2 and T3. Milk yield was higher (P<0.05) in T2 by 18.9% than control, while T1 presented higher (P<0.05) lactose than T3. Average daily gain of kids was significantly (P<0.05) improved kids born from T2 and T3 does. Kids born from does in T3 showed higher (P<0.05) level of IgG-1 and SOD than control (C). Economically, all the treatments had a higher cost benefit ratio with T1 being the highest and cheapest. Overall, immunity and production performance of does and their kids can be improved by replacing 10% concentrate feed with flaxseed to improved digestion of ADF, DCP/DMI, DEE and TDN in feed of does; and improved ADG of their kids.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF AZOLLA PINNATA ON GROWTH,HEALTH STATUS AND BLOOD CONSTITUENTS IN SAHIWAL CALVES(ICAR-NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL, 2019) BHATT, NINAD; CHANDRA, RAMESHThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AND LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH STATUS OF MURRAH BUFFALO CALVES(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2019) SHINDE, KULADIP PRAKASH; CHANDRA, RAMESHThe present investigation was undertaken at ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, to evaluate the effect of supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth performance and health status of Murrah buffalo calves. The forty Murrah buffalo calves were divided into four groups viz., T1, T2, T3, and T4. T1 were fed according to ICAR, 2013 feeding standard. T2, T3 & T4 were fed according to T1 except Lactobacillus plantarum CRD 2, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRD 9 and Lactobacillus plantarum CRD 2 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRD 9 [1:1 Ratio] 108 cfu/ml (As a fermented milk @ 100 ml/calf/day) respectively. The overall mean of dry matter intake (g/d) was significantly higher in T4 and lower in T1. The overall mean of body weight (kg) was significantly highest in T4 than T1. The overall average daily gain (g/d) was significantly higher in T4 and lowest in T1. The overall mean of body length and heart girth was significantly higher in T4. At 30th day’s digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, ether extract was significantly higher in all the supplemented groups as compared to control. At 120th days the ether extract intake (g/d) was significantly higher in T4 than T1, T2 and T3. The overall average values of total protein and total albumin was significantly higher in T4 lower in T1. The TAC (mmolL-1) was significantly higher in all the supplemented groups as compared to T1. The SOD (U/ml) was significantly lower in all the supplemented groups. The total plasma immunoglobulin G (mg/ml) was significantly higher in T4 as compared to T1. GHS of supplemented calves was significantly improved. The faecal Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium count was significantly higher and significant reduction in the faecal E. coli, Coliform, Clostridia and Styphylococcus aureus count in all supplemented groups. Supplemented group have less number of diarrheic days.ThesisItem Open Access MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DIVERGENCE lN LOWLAND RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(1992) CHANDRA, RAMESH; ROY, ASHUTOSHThesisItem Open Access WHEY AND CEREAL BASED LOW FAT PROBIOTIC BEVERAGE(WARNER COLLEGE OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES ALLAHABAD-211007, U.P. (INDIA), 2018) MORYA, SONIA; CHANDRA, RAMESHThere is an increased awareness all over the world on the potential utilization of whey, primarily because of pollution, preventive regulation, and economic conditions. Whey and whey derived products besides being an excellent nutritional ingredient have a wide ranging and excellent functional characteristics supplying flavor, texture, color and overall appearance in variety of foods. The functional attributes of whey can further be enhanced through add mixture of certain underutilize cereals, that may help to provide iron and dietary fiber in which whey is deficient. However, only limited formulated drinks have been used where underutilized millets are used but they are ethnic & home made for personal usage. It is envisaged that incorporation of underutilized cereals and fermentation with probiotic organisms are likely to enhance the functional and nutritional value of whey based beverages. Such beverages may provide necessary therapeutic benefit to the consumers in a convenient package. An attempt is therefore made to produce the nutritionally improved fermented beverage using dairy by-product, whey in conjunction with cereals and beneficial organisms that may provide health benefit to the consumer of all age group. The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop suitable technology for preparation of whey and cereal based low fat probiotic beverage, to study the effect of level of cereal (sorghum), stabilizers and type of probiotic culture on quality of beverage developed, to evaluate physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of developed beverage, and cost of the production. Three different species of Lactobacillus i.e., L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, and three level of sorghum 2%, 2.5%, and 3% and stabilizers pectin, carboxy-methylcellulose and mixture with 0.1% level were compared to each other. Sensory evaluation of the prepared whey and cereal based low fat probiotic beverage was carried out by nine point hedonic scale with trained panel. Probiotic beverage was tested for physic-chemical analysis such as moisture fat protein carbohydrate ash dietary fibre and sedimentation. Product is tested for check the probiotic activity in terms of testing of standard plate count. AOAC methods were used for testing. . Obtained data were subjected to statistically analyzed by using Two Way ANOVA followed by factorial design (9*3) and critical difference between combinations. Amongst the different treatment combinations of low fat probiotic beverage, LAC1P3 having culture Lactobacillus acidophilus , cereal (sorghum) 2% and mixture of pectin and carboxy- methyl cellulose 0.1% was found to be superior in terms of overall acceptability in comparison to others.SPC count was highest (3.17* 107 cfu/ml) on 10th day of storage. Results show that all three microorganisms were good and can be used to prepare probiotic beverage. Cost estimation calculated and whey and cereal based low fat probiotic beverage was found so economical in comparison to its counterpart drinks available in market.