Browsing by Author "Bhavani Devi, I."
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ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING 0F MILK IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 1998) SUJATHA, R.; Bhavani Devi, I.Dairyfarminglongbackhasbeenrecognisedasanimportantfarm activity for enhancing farmers income levels in our country. It is supplementary(or)complementaryenterpriseespeciallytomillionsofsmall andmarginalfarmersandlandlesslabourers.Itisruralbased,landsaving andgender-neutral.Theprofitabilityofdairyenterprisedependsuponcost structure and income generation capacity of the enterprise and good marketing outlets. However,veryfewstudies wereconducted on theeconomic aspects of dairy enterprise in Chittoor district. In this context, it is felt necessary to conduct a micro level study to examine the economics of productionandmarketingofmilkwiththespecificobjectivessuchas(1)to analysecostsandreturnsondairyfarms;(2)tostudyresourceuseefficiency andresourceproductivityondairyfarmsand(3)tostudythemarketing aspectsofmilk. The present study was conducted in Chittoor district ofAndhra Pradesh.Twomandals,SrikalahastiandMadanapallewithhighestnumber ofmilchcattlewerepurposivelyselected.Fromeachmandal,threeVillages wereprrposivelyselectedfollowingtheabovecriterionmakingatotalofsix villages.Allthedairyfarmersinselectedsixvillageswerelistedoutandfrom eachvillage,12farmerswererandomlyselectedmakingatotalsampleof72 dairyfarrxiers.Theagenciestowhomthefarmerssellthemilkwereidentified and22intermediarieswerechosen.Thedatawerecollectedbysurveymethod usingappropriateschedulefortheyear1996-97.Bothtabularandfunctional analyses were employed. Tabular analysis was used to study the labour utilisatinpatternpcostsandreturnsondairyfarms, marketedsurplusand '_rice spread. Cobb-Douglas Production Function was used to study the resourceuseefficiency.Multiplelinearregressionanalysiswascarriedoutto studythebreedefficiencyonsamplefarms. Thenumberofmandaysemployedperfarm,localcow,crossbredcow and local buffalo were 137.42, 57.84, 55.41 and 81.22 per lactation respectively. ThetotalcostsworkedouttoRs.15,933.45,Rs.4,626.55,Rs.8,836.30 andRs. 8,158.67respectivelyperfarm,local cow, crossbredcowandlocal buffaloperlactationrespectively.Amongdifferntcostitemsfeedcosttooka - lion’sshareaccountingforabout75percentoftotalcost.Theperlitrecostof milkproductioinperfarm,perlocalcow,crossbredcowandlocalbuffalowere Rs.4.86,Rs.7.29,Rs.3.69and6.29. The gross returns worked out to Rs. 28,728.66, Rs. 5,155.07, Rs. 18,718.26 and Rs. 13,724.03 perfarm, local cow, crossbred cow and local buffaloperlactationrespectively. ThefamilylabourincomeperlitreofmilkproductionworkedouttoRs. 3.68,Re. 0.67,Rs. 3.98andRs. 3.92respectivelyperfarm, perlocalcow crossbredcowandlocalbuffalo. Thebreak—evenmilkyieldworkedoutto407.80It,458.56It,209.63 and 205.12 It per farm, per local cow, crossbred cow and local buffalo respectively. Thereisapossibilityofenhancingmilkyeildinallcategoriesofmilch cattle by resource readjustment. The crossbred cow had the ability of increasingthemilkoutputby886litresoverlocalcow. Thepercentageofmarketedsurplustototalproductionworkedoutto 91.64ondairyfarms. The gross marketingmargins offor the channels II, III, IVand V workedouttoRs.3.85,Rs.5.50,Rs.5.50andRs.7.25perlitrerespectively. Theproducer’sshareinconsumer’srupeeworkedoutto100percent, 65.0percent,57.69percent,57.69percentand51.67percentrespectively inchannels—I,II,III,IVandV. Thestudyindicatedthatitwasmoreprofitabletofollowvigourously crossbreeding programmeforimproving the potentialityoflecalcowsalong with better managementof feeding andstreamliningthemarketingofmilk. Appropriateneedbasedtechnologyshouldbedevelopedforenriching theroughagesandcropresiduesformeetingthenutritionalrequirementsof milchanimals.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF NHLK IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 1998) SUJATHA, R.; Bhavani Devi, I.airyfarminglongbackhasbeenrecognisedasanimportantfarm activity for enhancing farmers income levels in our country. It is supplementary(or)complementaryenterpriseespeciallytomillionsofsmall andmarginalfarmersandlandlesslabourers.Itisruralbased,landsaving andgender-neutral.Theprofitabilityofdairyenterprisedependsuponcost structure and income generation capacity of the enterprise and good marketing outlets. However,veryfewstudies wereconducted on theeconomic aspects of dairy enterprise in Chittoor district. In this context, it is felt necessary to conduct a micro level study to examine the economics of productionandmarketingofmilkwiththespecificobjectivessuchas(1)to analysecostsandreturnsondairyfarms;(2)tostudyresourceuseefficiency andresourceproductivityondairyfarmsand(3)tostudythemarketing aspectsofmilk. The present study was conducted in Chittoor district ofAndhra Pradesh.Twomandals,SrikalahastiandMadanapallewithhighestnumber ofmilchcattlewerepurposivelyselected.Fromeachmandal,threeVillages wereprrposivelyselectedfollowingtheabovecriterionmakingatotalofsix villages.Allthedairyfarmersinselectedsixvillageswerelistedoutandfrom eachvillage,12farmerswererandomlyselectedmakingatotalsampleof72 dairyfarrxiers.Theagenciestowhomthefarmerssellthemilkwereidentified and22intermediarieswerechosen.Thedatawerecollectedbysurveymethod usingappropriateschedulefortheyear1996-97.Bothtabularandfunctional analyses were employed. Tabular analysis was used to study the labour utilisatinpatternpcostsandreturnsondairyfarms, marketedsurplusand '_rice spread. Cobb-Douglas Production Function was used to study the resourceuseefficiency.Multiplelinearregressionanalysiswascarriedoutto studythebreedefficiencyonsamplefarms. Thenumberofmandaysemployedperfarm,localcow,crossbredcow and local buffalo were 137.42, 57.84, 55.41 and 81.22 per lactation respectively. ThetotalcostsworkedouttoRs.15,933.45,Rs.4,626.55,Rs.8,836.30 andRs. 8,158.67respectivelyperfarm,local cow, crossbredcowandlocal buffaloperlactationrespectively.Amongdifferntcostitemsfeedcosttooka - lion’sshareaccountingforabout75percentoftotalcost.Theperlitrecostof milkproductioinperfarm,perlocalcow,crossbredcowandlocalbuffalowere Rs.4.86,Rs.7.29,Rs.3.69and6.29. The gross returns worked out to Rs. 28,728.66, Rs. 5,155.07, Rs. 18,718.26 and Rs. 13,724.03 perfarm, local cow, crossbred cow and local buffaloperlactationrespectively. ThefamilylabourincomeperlitreofmilkproductionworkedouttoRs. 3.68,Re. 0.67,Rs. 3.98andRs. 3.92respectivelyperfarm, perlocalcow crossbredcowandlocalbuffalo. Thebreak—evenmilkyieldworkedoutto407.80It,458.56It,209.63 and 205.12 It per farm, per local cow, crossbred cow and local buffalo respectively. Thereisapossibilityofenhancingmilkyeildinallcategoriesofmilch cattle by resource readjustment. The crossbred cow had the ability of increasingthemilkoutputby886litresoverlocalcow. Thepercentageofmarketedsurplustototalproductionworkedoutto 91.64ondairyfarms. The gross marketingmargins offor the channels II, III, IVand V workedouttoRs.3.85,Rs.5.50,Rs.5.50andRs.7.25perlitrerespectively. Theproducer’sshareinconsumer’srupeeworkedoutto100percent, 65.0percent,57.69percent,57.69percentand51.67percentrespectively inchannels—I,II,III,IVandV. Thestudyindicatedthatitwasmoreprofitabletofollowvigourously crossbreeding programmeforimproving the potentialityoflecalcowsalong with better managementof feeding andstreamliningthemarketingofmilk. Appropriateneedbasedtechnologyshouldbedevelopedforenriching theroughagesandcropresiduesformeetingthenutritionalrequirementsof milchanimals.ThesisItem Open Access Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Pineapple in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 1995) Sandhya Rani, G.; Bhavani Devi, I.The present study entitled llEconomic analysis of production and marketing of pineapple in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh" was undertaken with the objectives of studying the costs and returns, resource productivity, resource-use-efficiency and marketing aspects of pineapple. The investigation was carried out in Visakhapatnam district, which was purposively selected for the study as it is known for its pineapple production among the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh for the year 1993494. Three mandals with highest area under pineapple were purposively selected.' Following the same criterion six villages, two from each mandal were selected. The size of the sample was 60 farmers. Tabular analysis was carried out to study the costs and returns, operationéwiSe cost of cultivation, unit cost of production, cost concepts, from business measures and break—even output on pineapple farm. Cobb—Douglas production function was employed to study the resource productivity and reSource use efficiency on pineapple farms. An opinion survey was conducted to study the problems in pineapple production and marketing. The pineapple cultivation was carried out mostly by the farmers belonging to scheduled_ tribes (63.34 per cent) followed by scheduled castes (23.33 per cent) and backward castes (13.33 per cent). The human labour employed on pineapple farms was 101 and 121.68 mandays per farm and per hectare respectively. The average cost of cultivation on pineapple farms worked out to Rs.6,817 per farm and Rs.8,213 per hectare. Among the operational costs expenditure on suckers constituted the major cost (32.16 per cent). The expenditure on planting operation was highest claiming 52.78 per cent in the total operation—wise cost of cultivation. The per fruit cost of production worked out to Rs.l.34.A net income of Rs.6,972 per farm and Rs.8,4OO per hectare was obtained from pineapple cultivation. Other farm income measures like family labour income, farm business income and farm investment income were found to be substantially high from pineapple cultivation. The break-even output worked out to 1,021 fruits which constituted 16.60 per cent of average yield. The results of production function analysis showed the pineapple cultivation in the area was subject to increasing returns to scale. Further an over View of productivity of resources revealed that any re-adjustments in the use of land, suckers and human labour results in the increase in output. Two marketing channels were identified in marketing of the pineapple fruits. Total marketing costs amounted to Rs.2.64 and Rs.l.68 in channel I (Producer-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer) and channel II (Producer-Retailer—Consumer) respectively. Gross marketing margin was Rs.4.08 in channel I and Rs.3.02 in channel II. Though marketing efficiency of channel I was 0.66 and that of channel II was 1.00, the bulk of the sales was routed through the channel I. Non-availability of good variety of pineapple suckers locally, high price of suckers, non-availability of institutional credit for pineapple crop and lack of good extension facilities were some of the production problems identified in pineapple cultivation in study area. Lack of organised markets, low share in consumer's rupee, domination of middlemen in the marketing of fruits and absence of cold storage facilities were the marketing problems identified in the study area. Most of the recommended package of practices were not adopted by the pineapple growers in the study area. From the above discussion it can be concluded that pineapple cultivation is profitable.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT SUGAR FACTORY FARM INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT IN WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 1994) Vijaya Prasad, P.; Bhavani Devi, I.The present study entitled ”Impact of sugar factory on farm income and employment in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh" was undertaken with the objectives of esti— mating progress of factory, costs and returns, labour em— ployment pattern, evaluating the resource use pattern and identifying the problems in sugarcane production, in both sugarcane farms and jaggery farms. The investigation was carried out in West Godavari district. Chagallu sugar factory with highest area under cane was purposively selected. Following the same crite— rion, two mandals and six villages, three from each mandal were selcted. All the sugarcane farmers in factory area were strati— fied into 2 size groups viz., small ( < 1 ha) and large (>1 ha) farmers. The size of the sample was 120 which included 60 sugarcane farmers and 60 jaggery farmers. Out of 60 farmers in each category 30 consisted of small and 30 consisted of large group. Tabular analysis was carried out to study the labour employment pattern, costs and returns, cost concepts, farm business measures and break even output on sugarcane and jaggery farms. Cobb—Douglas production function was employed to know the resource productivity and resource use efficiency on above said farms. An opinion survey was conducted to study the problems in sugarcane production. The comparative economics of sugarcane and jaggery farms is useful to assess the extent of impact of sugar factory on farm income and employment. The factory showed good progress in terms of area, cane crushed, price paid to the farmers and gross profits but negative trend in productivity (1962—1992). The assets structure was more on jaggery farms. The labour utilization was more on jaggery farms than sugarcane farms. The labour employment on jaggery farms was 473.50 and 350.12 mandays on plant and ratoon crops respec— tively. Cost of cultivation per hectare was more on large farms when compared to other groups in plant and ratoon crops of both sugarcane and jaggery farms. The cost of cultivation was more on jaggery farms than sugarcane farms owing to jaggery manufacturing expenses. It was Rs.51193.33 on plant and Rs. 41414.63 for ratoon crops respectively. All the cost concepts were highest on large farms for both the crops on sugarcane and jaggery farms. The net returns were found highest on large farms in lmll: [Ilnnl nun-I Inlmm «'ynlw vm HHIJrIH'nnn lrunul llmn 1.1:”w farms. They amounted to Rs.l6164.l6 on plant and Rs.18960.7l on ratoon crop respectively on sugarcane farms. Other farm income measures like family labour income, farm business income and farm investment income were found highest on large farms of both categories. The break even output increased with increase in size of the farm, but the percent margin of safety was more on large farms in plant and ratoon crop of both the farms. In sugarcane farms it was 53.97 and 62.27 on plant and ratoon crops where as on jaggery farms it was 57.25 and 58.23 for Plant and ratoon crops respectively. The results of production function analysis showed the sugarcane cultivation in the area was subject to constant returns to scale in plant crop of both sugarcane and jaggery farms and ratoon crop of sugarcane farms but decreasing returns to scale on jaggery ratoon farms. Further an over view of productivity of resources .