Browsing by Author "BHAVYA, K"
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2014) BHAVYA, K; BABY AKULASewage sludge used in present study was analyzed in the laboratory following standard procedures before studying its effect on growth and yield quality in tomato. The results revealed that the sewage sludge was slightly acidic in reaction with a pH of 6.50, EC of 5.30 dS m-1, total organic carbon content of 28.35 per cent. Total N, P and K contents of sewage sludge were 1.68, 0.78 and 0.56 per cent, respectively. The triacid extractable zinc in sewage sludge was 25.93 mg kg-1 while, the diacid extractable heavy metals viz., Cd, Co, Ni and Pb were 0.53, 0.57, 1.08 and 6.02 mg kg-1, respectively and are within the permissible limits as per the standards of USEPA. Pot culture experiment was conducted using medium textured slightly alkaline red soil to study the effect of sewage sludge on soil properties, crop growth, nutrients and heavy metals uptake, yield, quality of yield and other important parameters of tomato. The present study entitled “Effect of Sewage Sludge on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)” was carried out during late kharif, 2012 at green house farm of the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications.There were seven treatments consisting of T1 (20% sewage sludge), T2 (40% sewage sludge), T3 (60% sewage sludge), T4 (80% sewage sludge), T5 (100% sewage sludge), T6 (RDF - Inorganic N, P and K @ 100, 50 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively) and T7 (Control, no sewage sludge).Inorganic N, P and K were supplied through urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively as per recommended dose. The volume of each pot was made up to 6 kg on weight basis with sewage sludge + soil as per treatment schedule. Necessary care was taken to protect the crop from pests and diseases. Three sets of pots were arranged for each treatment in each replication. The first set of plants were collected from pots at vegetative stage (30 DAT), second set of plants were collected at mid stage (45 DAT) and third set of plants were collected at harvesting stage (90 DAT) for necessary analysis. Plant parameters like plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll content and dry matter production were recorded at different growth stages .The tomato fruit samples were analyzed for lycopene content, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, fruit pH, and titrable acidity, while the plant samples were analysed for Pb, Co, Ni and Cd uptake in tomato plant. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, OC, N, P, K, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co and Cd. There were significant variations in pH and EC of soil samples at all the stages among different treatments of sewage sludge. Significantly highest organic carbon was observed in 100% sewage sludge treatment (28.35%) followed by 80% sewage sludge (24.4%) similar to pH and EC. Availability of N, P, K, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni and Cd in soil at all stages of observation indicated that the availability of nutrients and concentration of heavy metals increased with increase in sewage sludge application rates and advancement in crop age. The available N content in soil exhibited low rating while, P and K content in soil exhibited high and medium rating respectively. The heavy metals viz., Pb, Ni, Co and Cd content in soil at all stages were within the maximum permissible limits as per WHO standards. Observation of potting mixture temperature showed that the temperature increased with increase in sewage sludge application rates. Significantly maximum plant height, number of branches, number of leaves per plant and dry matter production were recorded in 100% sewage sludge in tomato at all stages of observation. Significantly maximum titrable acidity (0.254 %) and fruit pH (4.57) were obtained in 100% sewage sludge treatment (T5),while maximum lycopene content (8.23 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (36.33 mg/100g) and total soluble solids (6.210Brix) was observed in 80% sewage sludge treatment (T4). The uptake of major nutrients viz., N, P, K and Zn by plants of tomato was linearly increased with increase in sewage sludge application rates. Significantly highest and lowest uptake of these nutrients was noticed, respectively in treatment of 100% sewage sludge application and Control (T7). The uptake of Cd and Ni was beyond the maximum permissible limits in 80% sewage sludge and 100% sewage sludge in tomato plants. But, Co uptake was beyond the maximum permissible limits only in 100% sewage sludge. In contrast, the uptake of Pb by plants was within the maximum permissible limits in all treatments. The above study indicates that, the application of sewage sludge is highly beneficial due to more availability of major nutrients, micronutrient and organic carbon and enhanced growth, yield and quality of tomato. However, further study is required to consolidate the results.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CARRIER AND LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF APPLICATIONS IN MUNGBEAN CROP(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY. HYDERABAD, 2016) BHAVYA, K; R. Subhash ReddyThe experiment conducted during 2015-16 at department of Agricultural Microbiology and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU. Different carrier and liquid based biofertilizers are brought from different production units for evaluation of their quality. In case of carrier based biofertilizers, population of beneficial bacteria, pH, consistency, moisture content, level of contaminants were estimated. In case of liquid based biofertilizers, population of beneficial bacteria, pH, consistency and level of contaminants were estimated. The shelf life of biofertilzers were estimated using suitable media for viable count. Microbial population of beneficial bacteria was monitored in liquid and carrier based biofertilizers at monthly intervals. In liquid based biofertilizers viable count was constant for four months but a gradual decrease was observed in fifth and sixth months. Quality parameters of liquid based biofertilizers are good and constant for six months. In carrier based biofertilizers, the quality was too low, moisture content was high and count was decreased more. The field experiment was conducted following complete randomized design with control and 12 treatments. Treatments consisted of Control : 100% RDF, T 1 – T12 : 75% RDF +25% biofertilizer application, T 1 : CBF (seed treatment ) at the time of sowing, T2 : CBF (soil application) before sowing, T3 : CBF- liquid culture as soil application at the time of sowing, T4 : LBF - liquid culture (soil application) before sowing, T5 : LBF (seed treatment) at the time of sowing, T6 : LBF (soil application) before sowing, T7 : CBF (seed treatment at the time of sowing) + soil application at 40DAS, T8 : CBF (soil application before sowing) + soil application at 40 DAS, T9 : LBF (seed treatment at the time of sowing) + soil application at 40 DAS, T10 : LBF (soil application before sowing) + soil application at 40 DAS, T 11 : CBF-liquid culture(soil application at the time of sowing soil application at 40DAS), T 12 : LBF- liquid culture (Soil application before sowing) + soil application at 40 DAS.The growth parameters viz., plant height, root length, nodule number per plant, nodule dry weight (gm per plant), dry matter accumulation (gm per plant), were observed at different crop growth stages. Likewise observation on yield attributes viz., number of seeds per pod, test weight of seeds, seed yield were taken at harvest and nutrient uptake was estimated at harvest stage. Also available soil N, P and K were recorded at initial and at harvesting stage. Microbial population was recorded at initial, flowering and harvest stage. Application of carrier and liquid based biofertilizers in mungbean showed best result for the treatment T9 - Seed treatment with LBF at the time of sowing + soil application at 40 DAS. The treatment recorded maximum yield, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight than all other treatments. Treatment T10 - soil application with LBF at the time of sowing + soil application at 40 DAS was on par with T9. Highest nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium uptake, and higher available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium in the soil were observed in the treatment T9 - LBF as seed treatment at the time of sowing + soil application at 40 DAS which was significantly higher than the biofertilizers applied through seedtreatment and soil application only once. At flowering and harvesting stage, treatment T9 - seed treatment with LBF at the time of sowing + soil application at 40 DAS recorded significantly higher bacterial, fungal, Rhizobium, Bacillus and actinomycetes population as compared to all other treatments. The significantly lowest bacterial, fungal, Rhizobium, Bacillus and actinomycetes population recorded with the treatment T3 - CBF Liquid culture as soil application at the time of sowing than all other treatments. .ThesisItem Open Access EXPRESSION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEPATITIS B PROTEIN PRODUCED IN Escherichia coli AND Coleus forskohlii(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-07-13) BHAVYA, K; RAMANJINI, P. HHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide health problem, which can lead to severe liver disease mainly hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. The present investigation lays emphasis on expression of HBsAg gene in E. coli and C. forskohlii. The confirmed recombinant pET28A+HBsAG clone was transformed into E. coli. The positive clones were used for protein expression studies and induction parameters viz., IPTG concentration, temperature, induction time and pH of the medium were standardized to produce optimum HBsAg protein yield. The clone 2 was selected for optimization of protein expression. The highest protein expression was recorded when cells were subjected to 1.5 μM IPTG (384 μg mL-1), pH at 8 (378 μg mL-1) and induction time of 8 h (360 μg mL-1) with temperature of 35 °C. The purified protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. The presence of ~25 kDa protein band confirmed the expression of HBsAg protein in E. coli which was further confirmed through dot blot. The Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 carrying confirmed recombinant pHB118 vector was used for agroinfiltration of C. forskohlii leaves and the protein was extracted after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The extracted HBsAg protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis which showed the presence of ~25 kDa protein. Further this protein was confirmed by dot blot and ELISA for its specificity. The highest expression was observed in leaves harvested after 72 h (1.5 mg g-1 fresh weight of C. forskohlii leaf).