Browsing by Author "ARAVINDA DABBADI"
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ThesisItem Open Access DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FLOODS IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDRA PRADESH(IARI, DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, 2011) ARAVINDA DABBADI; B. K. SinghIndia is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of natural as well as man-made disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Due to increasing frequency and intensity of disasters, there has been a paradigm shift from the relief-centric response to a proactive prevention, mitigation and preparedness-driven approach for conserving developmental gains and to minimise loss of life, livelihood and property. India is the most flood affected nation in the world after Bangladesh and floods are the most frequent and serious of all natural hazards. Agriculture is one of the sectors that turns out to be the most affected by floods. The socio-economic concerns are disquieting particularly for the developing countries as it is reported that population in these areas would be more vulnerable. Hence it is important to conduct socio-economic studies related to disaster management in order to devise appropriate strategy for preparedness and mitigation. The present study was conducted with specific objectives of assessing the awareness of farmers about disaster management, assessing the extent of damage to socio-economic and natural resources due to floods, examining farmers'vulnerability to floods and mitigation strategy adapted by them, and documenting the measures taken by Government and Non-Government Organizations for disaster management. The study was conducted in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. The district was selected purposively, while the four mandals and two villages and a total of 80 farmers were selected randomly. Another sample of 10 Government officials of various departments and hierarchical levels and 10 officials of NGOs were selected. It was observed that, in the broad framework of disaster management, majority of the farmers were aware of during (59.82%) and post disaster (59.46%) measures but were less aware of pre-disaster (25.83%) measures. Floods severely damaged crops, soil, property, health, infrastructure, and livelihoods of farmers, affecting theychological aspects of life. Majority of the respondents showed the attitude of dependency on external source for management of problem. Affirmation with most of the statements of fatalism (MS :> 3) and egalitarianism (MS :> 3) by a majority reveals prevalence of these values among people. Most of the farmers being original inhabitants (58.75%) having mostly local kinship ties (82.5%) showed existence of cohesiveness in the area. About 40% of respondents were possessing knowledge regarding mitigation measures. Farmers had high level of training need in the areas like soil reclamation measures, (MS: 2.64), organic farming (MS: 2.62), INM (MS: 2.57), etc. The calculated vulnerability index showed that a majority of the respondents (50 per cent) belonged to moderate vulnerable category. No specific pre-disaster measures were taken by either Government or Non- Government organizations. NGOs were active in relief measures and government organizations emphasized on rehabilitation measures. The study underlines the importance of capacity building of farmers as well as the officials with awareness campaigns and trainings for better mitigation and holistic management of floods.ThesisItem Open Access PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF SECONDARY AGRICULTURE BASED LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS(DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI, 2016) ARAVINDA DABBADI; J.P. SharmaIndian agriculture is broadly a story of success. India is first in the world in the production of milk and pulses and second in rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruits and cotton production. Despite the fact that India is doing remarkably well in terms of output, extent of value addition to raw food material is only 7 per cent. Only 2.2 per cent of total fruits and vegetables are processed in India while, more than 35 per cent of fruits and vegetables are wasted due to lack of storage and processing facilities. Looking at the present agricultural production and post production scenarios in India, the most appropriate action for minimizing post harvest losses, enhancing income of farmers, generating employment and export growth would be encouraging processing and value addition, which is nothing but secondary agriculture. In view of these prospects and challenges, a research investigation was designed on secondary agriculture with specific objectives of ascertaining factors facilitating and inhibiting development of secondary agriculture, assessing the outcomes of secondary agriculture based livelihoods, analyzing the supply chains of processing enterprises and studying the institutional support for promoting secondary agriculture. The study was conducted in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh and NCR, Delhi states based on production potential of the crops, Banana and Potato, respectively. For each crop, 5 value addition units were selected, thus a total of 10 processing enterprises were studied. It was observed that, among individual variables, education, social participation, achievement motivation, self-confidence, manageability, innovativeness, risk taking, hope of success, persistence and persuability were positively and significantly correlated with entrepreneurial orientation of respondents. Market driven factors such as increasing demand for the processed products, assured and remunerative price for the processed products coupled with easy availability of raw material and work force were the major facilitators of secondary agriculture, while inadequate infrastructure, high upfront capital investment, poor marketing linkages, lack of electricity supply, maintenance of quality standards etc., pose challenges for its growth. Processing activity not only increased the value of raw material by several times but also brought about desirable socio-economic benefits such as increased employment opportunities and improvement in income and lifestyle. Cottage and micro enterprises had very less payback period of less than 6 months whereas payback period for small, medium and large enterprises was 2 to 3 years. Agro-processing industries generated more returns per unit investment than cultivation of respective crops. Raw material cost shared significant portion of consumer’s rupee (9-34% for banana enterprises; 14-60% for potato enterprises) followed by processing charges (8 to 57%) and processor’s margin (24 to 59%). Processor’s margin, marketing cost, marketing margin, price spread and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee varied with length of marketing channel. Large number of middle-men in the supply chain caused multiplicity of costs, thereby reducing efficiency. Supply chain efficiency was inversely related to length of marketing channel and marketing costs. The supply chains of fiber extraction unit of banana processing (Marketing Efficiency=70.94) and Dehra enterprises of potato processing (Marketing Efficiency=13.51) were found to be efficient due to direct marketing of the produce by the processors. Total marketing costs ranged from 2 to 8 per cent for banana enterprises and 7 to 16 per cent for potato enterprises. Highest proportion of marketing costs was incurred by processors (2-11%) followed by super-stockists (2-4%) or wholesalers (2- 3%). Total margins ranged from 24 to 59 per cent for banana enterprises and 28 to 49 per cent for potato enterprises. Highest percentage of profits were realized by processors (26- 59%) followed by retailers (8-17%). Packaging charges (4-11%), transportation costs (2- 11%) and sales tax (2-6%) contributed significantly towards increase in consumer’s price. Price spread was lesser and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was higher for shorter marketing channels with less number of intermediaries and vice-versa for lengthier marketing channels. Institutional support for information and training on processing technologies was adequate, whereas support for credit, marketing and quality testing was very limited. The suggestions for promoting secondary agriculture included establishment of Agri-incubation centers, encouragement of cooperative and contract farming, developing and disseminating cost effective processing technologies, integration of technologies for different products to operate the enterprise for a substantial period in a year, synergy between departments and convergence of institutional support, development of integrated cold chain infrastructure, in addition to awareness generation among farmers on secondary agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF SECONDARY AGRICULTURE BASED LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS(DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI, 2014) ARAVINDA DABBADI; J.P. SharmaIndian agriculture is broadly a story of success. India is first in the world in the production of milk and pulses and second in rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruits and cotton production. Despite the fact that India is doing remarkably well in terms of output, extent of value addition to raw food material is only 7 per cent. Only 2.2 per cent of total fruits and vegetables are processed in India while, more than 35 per cent of fruits and vegetables are wasted due to lack of storage and processing facilities. Looking at the present agricultural production and post production scenarios in India, the most appropriate action for minimizing post harvest losses, enhancing income of farmers, generating employment and export growth would be encouraging processing and value addition, which is nothing but secondary agriculture. In view of these prospects and challenges, a research investigation was designed on secondary agriculture with specific objectives of ascertaining factors facilitating and inhibiting development of secondary agriculture, assessing the outcomes of secondary agriculture based livelihoods, analyzing the supply chains of processing enterprises and studying the institutional support for promoting secondary agriculture. The study was conducted in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh and NCR, Delhi states based on production potential of the crops, Banana and Potato, respectively. For each crop, 5 value addition units were selected, thus a total of 10 processing enterprises were studied. It was observed that, among individual variables, education, social participation, achievement motivation, self-confidence, manageability, innovativeness, risk taking, hope of success, persistence and persuability were positively and significantly correlated with entrepreneurial orientation of respondents. Market driven factors such as increasing demand for the processed products, assured and remunerative price for the processed products coupled with easy availability of raw material and work force were the major facilitators of secondary agriculture, while inadequate infrastructure, high upfront capital investment, poor marketing linkages, lack of electricity supply, maintenance of quality standards etc., pose challenges for its growth. Processing activity not only increased the value of raw material by several times but also brought about desirable socio-economic benefits such as increased employment opportunities and improvement in income and lifestyle. Cottage and micro enterprises had very less payback period of less than 6 months whereas payback period for small, medium and large enterprises was 2 to 3 years. Agro-processing industries generated more returns per unit investment than cultivation of respective crops. Raw material cost shared significant portion of consumer’s rupee (9-34% for banana enterprises; 14-60% for potato enterprises) followed by processing charges (8 to 57%) and processor’s margin (24 to 59%). Processor’s margin, marketing cost, marketing margin, price spread and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee varied with length of marketing channel. Large number of middle-men in the supply chain caused multiplicity of costs, thereby reducing efficiency. Supply chain efficiency was inversely related to length of marketing channel and marketing costs. The supply chains of fiber extraction unit of banana processing (Marketing Efficiency=70.94) and Dehra enterprises of potato processing (Marketing Efficiency=13.51) were found to be efficient due to direct marketing of the produce by the processors. Total marketing costs ranged from 2 to 8 per cent for banana enterprises and 7 to 16 per cent for potato enterprises. Highest proportion of marketing costs was incurred by processors (2-11%) followed by super-stockists (2-4%) or wholesalers (2- 3%). Total margins ranged from 24 to 59 per cent for banana enterprises and 28 to 49 per cent for potato enterprises. Highest percentage of profits were realized by processors (26- 59%) followed by retailers (8-17%). Packaging charges (4-11%), transportation costs (2- 11%) and sales tax (2-6%) contributed significantly towards increase in consumer’s price. Price spread was lesser and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was higher for shorter marketing channels with less number of intermediaries and vice-versa for lengthier marketing channels. Institutional support for information and training on processing technologies was adequate, whereas support for credit, marketing and quality testing was very limited. The suggestions for promoting secondary agriculture included establishment of Agri-incubation centers, encouragement of cooperative and contract farming, developing and disseminating cost effective processing technologies, integration of technologies for different products to operate the enterprise for a substantial period in a year, synergy between departments and convergence of institutional support, development of integrated cold chain infrastructure, in addition to awareness generation among farmers on secondary agriculture.