Browsing by Author "AMARAVATHI, P"
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ThesisItem Open Access ETIOPATHOLOGY OF LAMB MORTALITY IN RAYALASEEMA REGION OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) VENKATA RAGHAVENDRA, SANGUBOTLA; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); AMARAVATHI, P; CHENGALVA RAYULU, V; MADHAVA RAO, TABSTRACT: Present study was undertaken to study the etiopathology of lamb mortality in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh state to find out the prevalence and probable causes for lamb mortality. In an epidemiological survey, a total of 1798 lambs were recorded as dead in four districts of Rayalaseema region, of them the mortalty rate was in descending order Anatapur, Chittoor, Kadapa and Kurnool. The mortality was higher in females than males. Maximum mortality was observed in winter season and at 1-3 months age group. The mortality was majorly due to infectious origin 1533 (85.26%) followed by non-infectious origin 223 (12.4%) and miscellaneous causes 42 (2.34%). Majority of deaths were due to respiratory system affections followed by digestive system affections, multiple system involvement, combined digestive & respiratory systems, non specific affections, circulatory system, urinary system and combined respiratory & urinary system in descending order. Out of 100 faecal samples of ailing lambs examined, 68 samples were positive for different parasitic ova and oocysts. In the age group of 4-6 months it was maximum. The positive cases of parasitic ova in ailing lambs were more in females than in males. Various parasitic ova identified were eggs of Strongyle, Moniezia sp, Schistosoma sp, Haemonchus sp, Paramphistome sp, Trichuris sp and oocysts of Coccidia sp. The samples collected during the postmortem examination revealed ova of Trichuris sp, Moniezia sp, Strongyle and cysts of Balantidium sp. Out of 102 blood samples collected from ailing lambs the blood picture was decreased PCV, Hb, TEC, MCHC, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and increased TLC, MCV, MCH, lymphocytes were observed when compared with apparently healthy group (n=10). Males showed increased PCV, neutrophils, eosinophils, MCV and in females increased TLC, lymphocytes, monocytes and MCHC, where as almost similar Mean±SE values of Hb, TEC were noted in both males and females. Out of 50 serum samples from ailing lambs screened, increased TP, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, creatinine and decreased calcium, ALT were observed when compared with apparently healthy group (n=10). Increased TP, albumin, globulin, AST were reported in males whereas increased A/G ratio, calcium, ALT in females and similar values of creatinine in both sexes were noted. A total of 53 different samples collected from ailing lambs and affected organs were subjected for culture isolation of microorganisms and molecular characterization by using PCR assay. E.coli, Salmonella sp and S.aureus isolates were obtained by culture method. E.coli isolate was positive for stx2 gene, isolates of Salmonella sp for invA gene and isolates of S.aureus for nuc gene. The prevalence of gross and histopathological changes was noted from 179 dead lambs in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh during the period of study from December, 2015 to June, 2016. Lambs from Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool districts were died in descending order. The mortality was more in females than males. The highest mortality was noted in summer followed by winter. Lambs died at 4-6 months age followed by 1-3 months age, 7-9 months, 10-12 months age and <1 month age in descending order. The mortality of lambs in this region more due to multiple system affections and due to inflammatory origin majorly followed by non inflammatory origin i.e. 179 dead lambs. Inflammatory origin conditions included inflammation of multiple organs involvement was recorded to be highest. Gross lesions in respiratory system observed were tracheitis, congestion, consolidation, suppuration, aspiration, nodular growths and haemorrhages of lungs. In circulatory system, haemorrhages, congestion of coronary blood vessels, gelatinization and necrosis of epicardial fat, small pin point to streaks of pale areas on epicardium and hydro pericardium were observed in heart where as in spleen petechial haemorrhages and congestion were noted. Mild to severe enlargement, edema and hemorrhagic mesenteric lymph nodes and enlarged supra scapular lymphnode in one case were recorded. Congested cerebral blood vessels were noted. In the digestive system, rumen and reticulum filled with plenty of food material (phytobezoars), that was hard and dry, Haemonchus sp worms in abomasum, empty stomach and intestines, duodenal haemorrhages, enteritis (catarrhal and haemorrhagic), thickened intestinal mucosa, congested mesenteric blood vessels, volvulus and tape worms in intestinal portions were observed. The liver showed the lesions including congestion, necrotic areas, haemorrhages, calcification, enlarged and infarcted, cirrhotic changes, icteric patches on surface, larva migrans, abscesses and distended gall bladder. In renal system, softened (pulpy) kidneys, congestion, haemorrhages, cysts in medulla, dilatation of renal pelvis of kidneys, urinary bladder distention and urethral stricture were recorded. Three cases of Anthrax suspected lambs (confirmed by blood smear examination), One dog bite case and three abortion cases reported were not subjected to post mortem. A total of 453 tissue samples of different affected organs included lungs, liver, kidney, heart, intestine, lymphnode, spleen and brain were collected from 179 lambs that were died and subjected to histopathology. In respiratory system, pneumonia was major condition encountered and included different types, non specific pneumonia, suppurative pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, Jaagsiekte, interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, verminous pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia and Suppurative pneumonia combined with Jaagsiekte. In circulatory system, the lesions of heart included myocarditis, presence of Sarcocysts and parasites in myocardium. In spleen, congestion, presence of hemosiderin pigment, thickened trabeculae, degeneration and hyperplasia of splenic corpuscle and lymphoid aggregation around splenic corpuscle were recorded. In mesenteric lymphnodes the lesions included congestion, depletion of lymphoid cells, edema, haemorrhages, fibrous tissue proliferation, reactive hyperplasia, section of parasite, cyst in the vessel and abscess. A case of lymphosarcoma was also observed. Brain lesions like neuronal degeneration, vacuolation, apoptosis, neuronophagia, satellitosis and focal to diffused mono nuclear cell infiltration were observed. In kidney samples, congestion, degeneration of tubules, presence of casts, necrosis of tubules, shrunken glomeruli, fibrous tissue proliferation, cystic spaces, tubular edema, fatty change in glomeruli as well as in tubules, cloudy swelling, presence of hemosiderin pigment, infarction were noted. Accordingly the conditions classified as nonspecific nephritis, glomerular nephritis, haemorrhagic glomerular nephritis, haemorrhagic nephritis, parasitic ova and parasite in cystic fluid were recorded. In intestines congestion, haemorrhages, ulcers, fibrous tissue proliferation, degeneration of glands, various villous abnormalities were observed. The conditions were classified as catarrhal enteritis with parasitic load, nonspecific enteritis, haemorrhagic enteritis, diptheritic enteritis, necrotic enteritis. In liver sinusoidal congestion, fibrous tissue proliferation, focal to diffused necrosis, mild to moderate fatty change, degeneration of hepatocytes, bileduct epithelial hyperplasia and proliferation, calcification, presence of hemosiderin pigment were noted. Further the conditions classified as hepatitis, presence of parasitic ova, granuloma formation, abscess, haemorrhages and fibrotic nodule and bacterial colonies in portal triad.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PATHOLOGY OF BISPHENOL – A TOXICITY IN RATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM(2011-08) AMARAVATHI, P; SRILATHA, Ch (Major); RAMA DEVI, V; REENIVASULU, DABSTRACT : Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the common environmental endocrine disruptors with estrogenic properties and is the building block of carbonate plastic and a component of resin coatings. Wide spread use of BPA in consumer products has led to great public concern since adverse effects of BPA on human and animal reproduction are suspected due to its estrogenic activity. BPA has high affinity to estrogen related receptor (ERR -) which may be related to its ability to function as endocrine disruptor. Exposure to BPA can induce a number of effects including neuro and hepato toxicity, hematobiochemical effect, endocrinal disturbances, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and alters the immune system. The present experiment was designed to make a systematic study of experimentally induced BPA toxicity in both male and female Wistar albino rats at 500 and 250 mg /kg b.wt. to groups II , V and III , VI respectively by mixing in sunflower oil for 12 weeks, with the objectives of finding out the effect of BPA toxicity on hemato- biochemical, oxidative damage, hormonal assay, reproductive toxicity, immunological, genotoxicity, gross and histopathological and ultra structural changes.. Specific clinical signs were not observed, except reddish discoloration of hair was noticed around nose and on back region of BPA treated female rats. Hematologically significant (P<0.05) reduction was recorded in the Hb, PCV and TLC values in toxin fed groups. Blood glucose, and serum total protein values were decreased significantly (P<0.05) in BPA treated rats. Oxidative damage indicators like SOD, catalase and GPx levels were decreased in liver and kidney of all the BPA treated groups. Hormonal assay revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in T3, T4 and E2 levels in BPA fed groups. Immunosupression was indicated by significant (P<0.05) decrease in HA titer (log) and DNCB contact sensitivity score. DNA damage was evident as significant (P<0.05) increase in micronuclei in PCE cells of BPA treated groups when compared to control. In the present study grossly moderate enlargement of liver with rounded borders with paleness and reduction in size of testis were observed in all BPA treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Enlargement of spleen was observed during 2-4 weeks of the experiment but by the end of experiment, reduction in the size of the spleen was prominent in BPA treated groups. Enlargement of heart was noticed in BPA treated male rats from 6th week onwards and it was more conspicuous by the end of 12th week and this lesion was not more conspicuous in female rats. Histopathologically, the liver revealed binucleated cells, hyper chromatic nuclei, karyomegaly, focal loss of hepatocytes with moderate MNC infiltration, moderate to severe vesicular fatty change, extensive bile duct proliferation with dysplasia and proliferation of endothelial cells in BPA treated groups in dose dependent manner. Kidney sections of BPA treated rats revealed dose dependent congestion of glomeruli, tubular degeneration, glomerular edema and mesangial cell proliferation. Submeningeal and cerebral hemorrhages and spongiosis, swollen neurons with severe degenerative changes, extensive glial cell proliferation, severe demyelinating changes, microgranuloma formation with proliferation of capillaries and endothelial cells were more prominent in cerebral cortex of majority of BPA treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Cerebellum of rats revealed shrinkage and focal loss of Purkinje cells, rounding and tapering of Purkinje cells, spongiosis in molecular layer in majority of animals at the end of 10th to 12th weeks in BPA treated groups. Microscopically, lungs revealed congestion, fatty infiltration, peribronchial lymphoid aggregates and infiltration of eosinophils, vacuolated alveolar epithelial cells, infiltration of alveolar macrophages, hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium and focal alveolar epithelial cell proliferation with papillary projections and desquamated bronchial epithelial cells were found as constant lesion by the end of 12th week in a dose dependent manner. Testis showed interstitial edema, shrinkage of tubules, basement membrane with spermatogonial cells, desquamated seminiferous tubular germ cells, vacuolation in sertoli cells and presence of multinucleated cells in seminiferous tubules were conspicuous by the end of 12 weeks. Hyperplasia of seminal vesicles with papillary projections and prostate carcinoma were noticed in BPA treated rats. Degenerated follicles, granulosa cell tumor, androblastoma changes were noticed in ovaries of BPA treated rats. Sections of uterus revealed degenerative changes in endometrial glands, infiltration of mono nuclear cells, eosinophils and plasma cells, adenomyosis, dysplasia of endometrial glands and cystic glands by the end of 12th week in majority of BPA treated rats in dose dependent manner. In sections of mammary glands degenerated acini with desquamated epithelial cells in lumen and proliferated acinar epithelial cells were observed in BPA treated rats. Pancreas revealed degenerated Islets of Langerhans, thickened and hyalinized blood vessels, hyperplasia of ductular epithelium, focal MNC infiltration, necrosis and atrophy of islets, vacuolar degeneration in acinar epithelium and interlobular hemorrhages were more conspicuous in majority of animals in BPA treated groups when compared to control group by the end of 12th week. Thyroid of BPA treated rats revealed dose dependent changes like hemorrhages, severe desquamation of acinar epithelial cells, complete absence of colloid in acini throughout experimental period and thyroid adenocarcinoma was observed by the end of 12th week. Degenerative changes in adrenal gland and depletion of lymphocytes in spleen, lymph node and thymus were noticed in all BPA treated rats in dose dependent manner. Skin of BPA treated groups revealed mild MNC infiltration in dermis, thinning of epidermis, cystic hair follicles and hyperplastic hair follicular epithelium with infiltration of eosinophils in dose dependent manner. Histochemically more intense alkaline phosphatase reaction was noticed in hepatocytes around central vein, in tubular epithelium and basement membrane of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney and spermatogonia of seminiferous tubules of BPA fed groups in dose dependent manner. Immunohistochemically increased expression of VEGF was observed in hepatocytes around central vein, in the lining epithelium of oviduct and endometrial glands of BPA treated rats in dose dependent manner. Increased expression of Bcl2 was observed in endometrial glands of BPA treated rats. Ultra structurally, hepatocytes of BPA treated groups revealed decreased mitochondria with degeneration, fragmented endoplasmic reticulum, and clumping of nuclear chromatin. Where as kidneys revealed loss of brush border, flattened nucleus, degenerated mitochondria and chemical deposition. Granular mitochondria because of degeneration of cristae, degeneration of ER, vacuolation in cytoplasm and fragmented chromatin in astrocytes and numerous vacuoles in cytoplasm with disrupted nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin in microglial cells were noticed in brain of BPA treated rats. Electron microscopic examination of sertoli cells revealed decreased number of cell organelles and few mitochondria in cytoplasm and disrupted nuclear membrane in all BPA treated male rats in dose dependent manner.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PATHOLOGY OF INDUCED FENVALERATE TOXICITY IN RATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (ASHWAGANDHA)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) AMARAVATHI, P; SRILATHA, Ch(MAJOR); RAMADEVI, V; SURESH KUMAR, R.VABSTRACT : The effects of pesticides have been recognized as a serious public health concern during the past decades. Pyrethroids and organophosphates have a wide spectrum of insecticidal potency and produce acute toxicosis in vertebrates manifested by the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase (Mohamed et al. 1993). Fenvalerate is one of this groups which is potent insecticide that has been in use since 1976. Over the last 20 years, large amounts of formulated fenvalerate, approximately 1000 metric tones per year have been used as an agricultural pesticide (WHO, 1992). Although fenvalerate considered having low acute toxicity to mammals, it is having severe neurotoxic effects and estrogenic activity causing endocrine disorders. Hence fenvalerate is enlisted as one of the neuroendocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and has aroused world wide concern. EDCs are known to act at multiple sites through multiple modes of action, but the mechanism of action is poorly understood (Junhe et al. 2006). Persual of literature revealed limited information regarding toxicopathological effects of fenvalerate with special reference to neuro endocrine system (Mani et al. 2002). Organochlorines and organophosphates have been proved to protect oxidative stress and very few reports are available regarding involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pyrethroid toxicity. Beneficial influence of vitamin E and vitamin C are well documented in reducing the harmful effects of fenvalerate and limited information is available regarding the herbal products in ameliorating the pyrethroid toxicity. Keeping in view of its wide spread use, the present study is taken up to investigate toxicopathological manifestations. The present study was carried out by procuring 144 female rats and were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of 18 rats in each group. Fenvalerate (20% EC) gavaged per orally using ground nut oil as vehicle @ 42.5, 21.25 and 10.125 mg / kg b.wt. to groups II, III and IV respectively and ashwagandha @ 200 mg / kg b.wt. in distilled water was given along with fenvalerate to group V, VI and VII for 6 weeks to study ameliorative effects. Group I and VIII kept as control for toxin and ashwagandha fed groups respectively. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at fortnight interval. Dullness, depression, pawing, burrowing, hyper excitability, piloerection, salivation, lacrimation, clonic seizures and whole body tremors were the main clinical signs in all toxin fed and ameliorated groups. Significant (P<0.05) decrease in the body weight gains was observed in higher dose levels of fenvalerate fed groups (group II and III) when compared to control groups (I &VIII). In ameliorated groups no significant difference was observed when compared to corresponding toxin treated groups. Significant (P<0.05) decrease in TEC, PCV, haemoglobin and TLC values was observed in all fenvalerate treated groups when compared to control groups. There was no significant difference among treated groups and ameliorated groups. There was no significant difference in ALC and ANC values. Significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum total protein, serum cholesterol and serum acetyl choline esterase and significant increase in serum AST, ALT, serum glucose and creatinine levels were observed in all fenvalerate treated groups There was no significant difference between toxin treated groups and ameliorated groups. But in group VII significant improvement was observed when compared to corresponding toxin treated group. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in T3, T4 and E2 levels in all fenvalerate treated groups when compared to control groups and group VII. In between groups significant variation was observed. Significant improvement was observed only in lower dose levels of toxin with ameliorating agent (group VII). Significant decrease in HA titers and DNCB dermal sensitivity was observed in all toxin fed groups and indicating decrease in cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity. Grossly mild changes were noticed only in liver, lung, spleen and Brain. Histopathologically lesions were prominently noticed in kidney followed by liver, lung, brain, ovary, uterus, heart, spleen, lymph node and intestine in all toxin fed groups. In kidneys congestion, edema, degenerative changes, intertubular haemorrhages, mild fatty changes in tubular epithelial cells were observed. Glomerular atrophy and fibrous tissue proliferation around glomeruli were consistently recorded in fenvalerate treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Cystic tubules and glomeruli were observed in majority of higher doses of fenvalerate treated rats by the end of experiment. In ameliorated groups also similar changes were observed except in group VII where mild congestion and mild degenerative changes were observed. Liver revealed congestion, degenerative changes, haemorrhages, mild fatty changes, infiltration of MNCs, loss of hepatocytes and proliferation of bile ducts in all fenvalerate treated groups.. Apart from prominence of lesions in group II, other changes observed were individualization of hepatocytes, perivascular infiltration of MNCs and hyper chromatic nuclei in some hepatocytes. In ameliorated groups also similar changes were observed except in group VII where mild sinusoidal haemorrhages and mild degenerative changes were observed. In lungs moderate to severe congestion, edema, perivascular and peribronchiolar infiltration of mononuclear cells and hypertrophy of lymphoid follicle was observed. In many rats areas of emphysema, thickened alveolar septa due to edema, infiltration of MNCs, RBCs, macrophages and few plasma cells, hyalinised blood vessels and giant cells in alveolar lumen was observed prominently in higher doses of fenvalerate treated groups (group II and III). In lower doses of toxin (group IV) only mild pneumonic changes were observed. In ameliorated groups also similar changes were observed except in group VII where mild congestion with focal infiltration of MNCs was observed. Histopathologically cerebrum revealed congestion, submeningeal haemorrhages and demyelinating changes in all fenvalerate treated groups. In addition gliosis, central chromatolysis and proliferation of capillaries were observed in cerebrum of group II and III rats. Sub meningeal haemorrhages, focal loss, shrinkage, central chromatolysis of purkinjee cells in the purkinjee cell layer and mild congestion and haemorrhages in granular layer of cerebellum were observed more conspicuously in group II and III rats. In ameliorated groups also similar changes were observed except in group VII where only mild changes were noticed. Microscopic examination 0f heart revealed mild to moderate haemorrhages and congested vessels and mononuclear cell infiltration in between cardiac muscle fibers. In addition to above lesions, sarcolysis along with eosinophilic cellular infiltration were observed conspicuously in higher doses of fenvalerate treated groups. Similar changes were observed in ameliorated groups (group II and III). Microscopic lesions in intestine were not characteristic in toxin treated rats except moderate increase in number of goblet cells, necrosis and hyperplasia of intestinal epithelial cells in group II and III. Histopathological examination of spleen revealed congestion, focal areas of hemorrhages, mild lymphocytolysis and engorgement of red pulp with erythrocytes in group II and III. In lymph node congestion of blood vessels and mild to moderate lymphocyte depletion was observed group II and III. In pancreas degenerative changes in islets of Langerhans, serous acini, necrosis, congestion, haemorrhages, infiltration of MNCs loss of acini with fibrous tissue proliferation was observed in group II and III. In adrenals sinusoidal and severe medullary haemorrhages and degenerative changes in medulla were observed in all fenvalerate treated groups. In ameliorated groups similar changes like those of corresponding toxin treated groups were observed in intestine, spleen, lymph node, pancreas and adrenals. In ovary severe haemorrhages, hyaline fibrosis, increased number of atretic follicles, degenerated follicles and decreased number of primordial follicles were observed in all toxin treated groups in dose dependent manner. Similar changes were observed in ameliorated groups. Uterus revealed congested blood vessels, haemorrhages, hyperplasia of endometrial epithelium, periglandular edema and eosinophilic cell infiltration with few plasma cells, lymphocytes in sub mucosa and atrophy of endometrial glands and periglandular fibrous tissue proliferation in all fenvalerate treated groups in dose dependent manner. In ameliorated groups similar changes were observed. Ultra structurally dose dependent marked distortions in membrane, irregular shape with many small shallow pits and small perturbations on the surface were noticed by the end of 6th week in all toxin treated groups when compared to control. In ameliorated groups mild distortion was observed. In liver swollen nucleus, margination of chromatin material, thickened nuclear membrane, vacuolation of nucleoplasm, vacuolation of cytoplasm, uniform reduction of size of mitochondria and mild fatty deposition were noticed in all toxin treated groups in dose dependent manner. In ameliorated groups mild to moderate changes were observed when compared corresponding toxin treated groups.