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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Agricultural Microbiology × Author: Athira, P S × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2014 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Functional diversity of beneficial microorganisms from the rhizosphere of black pepper in Wayanad
    (Department of agricultural microbiology, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 2015) Athira, P S; KAU; Girija, D
    Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a perennial, woody and flowering climber belonging to family Piperaceae. It is one of the important spice crops which provides major source of income and employment for rural households in Kerala. Wayanad dominated in pepper farming in the state about 20 years ago. Annual production of pepper was 40,000 tonnes in the mid-1980s, which comprised about half of India’s total pepper production. But recently, the production has declined drastically due to the infestation of pests and diseases. Foot rot caused by Phytophthora capsici and yellowing of black pepper are the major diseases devastating most of the plantations in Wayanad. However, some of the plants in the disease affected areas remain healthy which could be due to inherent activity of native rhizosphere microflora. The present study focused on assessing the functional diversity of beneficial microorganisms which could possibly be exploited for the benefit of plant growth. Four healthy gardens, four gardens each affected by foot rot and yellowing were selected for sample collection. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from five healthy vines in each garden. Population of beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere soils of healthy and disease affected gardens were compared. In general, rhizosphere soil from healthy gardens recorded higher population of bacteria, fungi, phosphate solubilizers and fluorescent pseudomonads. A total of 207 isolates (including 112 bacteria, 32 actinomycetes and 63 fungi) were purified and maintained to study their plant growth promoting and antagonistic activities. Maximum IAA production (292.50 μg ml-1) was recorded by HPLBC-6 followed by HABC-3 (46.43 μg ml-1). The isolate HPLPSB-3 was the most efficient P solubiliser (162.7 μg ml-1) followed by HPLF-5 (161.3 μg ml-1). The isolate YPTN- 3 fixed maximum amount of nitrogen (46.92 mg of N g-1 of sucrose) followed by HVKN-6 (32.62 mg of N g-1 of sucrose). From the invitroexperiment, two most promising isolates each of IAA producers, phosphate solubilizers and nitrogen fixers were selected for preliminary screening for growth promotion on blackpepper cuttings. The isolate HPLPSB-3 (P solubiliser) recorded maximum sprouting, vine length, number of leaves, number of roots and roots fresh weight underinplanta screening for plant growth promotion. However, maximum root length was observed in HPLBC-6 (IAA producer). All the isolates were screened in vitro for their antagonistic activity against foot rot pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Among the bacteria, isolate HPLPSB-6 recorded maximum inhibition (69.27 %) of the pathogen. Among the actinomycetes, HVZACT-1 recorded maximum mycelial inhibiton of 66.66 %. Among the fungal isolates screened, maximum inhibition (75.17 %) was recorded by the isolate FPRF-3. The three most promising PGPM selected from preliminary in planta screening and three antagonists from in vitro screening were further tested for their efficiency in controlling foot rot disease in blackpepper nursery. Minimum disease incidence (6.23%) and severity (4.00 %) were observed in isolate FPRF-3. This was followed by actinomycete HVZACT-1 with disease incidence of 13.20 % and severity of 8.00 %. Maximum disease incidence and severity were observed in control with pathogen alone. In addition to biocontrol activity, FPRF-3 also improved plant growth parameters such as length of vine, number of leaves and roots. The selected growth promoting isolates HPLPSB-3, HPLBC-6 and YPTN-3 were identified as Acinetobacter grimontii, Providencia sp. and Paenibacillus sp. The three selected antagonists HPLPSB-6, HVZACT-1 and FPRF-3 were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa, Streptomyces termitum and Trichoderma viride respectively. Based on in planta evaluation, Acinetobacter grimontii was considered as the best PGPM and Trichoderma viridethe most promosing antagonist against P. capsici. These isolates could be further exploited for improving the growth and managing foot rot disease, after validation under field conditions. The compatibility of PGPM with antagonists and chemical fungicides may also be evaluated.This is the first report of antagonistic activity of the actinomycete S. termitum against P. capsici causing foot rot disease in blackpepper.