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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization and stability study in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes under early and terminal heat stress(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2019) YADAV, SUMAN; PANDEY, ANILPresent study entitled “Molecular characterization and stability study in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes under early and terminal heat stress” conducted under early-timely—late-sown environments during Rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at research farm of TCA Dholi. The twenty genotypes belonging to various geographic locations and diverse pedigree reflected their genetic worth for thirty five morpho-physio-biochemical traits exhibiting sufficient variability. PCV higher than GCV revealed varying environmental influence. High h2 bs and GAM for LMSI, TSS, PA & PC in early and terminal stress conditions showed preponderance of additive gene action. Positive and significant association of VPD, DFFO, D50%F & DPM while, negative with PAPD expressed their phonological inter-relationship and more usefulness of VPD & PAPD for terminal heat stress condition. SYP positively with HI, EL, CC & PH (and also between EL & CC); while, negative with H.T.E. (early & terminal heat stress); OC, SPB & PC (early-sown) whereas, SI & H.S.I. (late-sown). SI & H.S.I. decrease with increased H.T.E. and subsequently, increased SYP can be utilized. HI with high positive direct effect and association was major yield predictor (early & late-sown) alongwith BYP (early) and EL, RWC & CC (terminal) heat stresses. On Tocher‘s, Canonical (vector) and K-mean clustering, Rajendra Sufalam and Urvashi (oligo-genotypic) alongwith RAURD-14-18, BPR-541-4, DRMR4001, DRMR-15-9, RGN-368, RGN-13, PRE-2013-19 and KMR (E)16-1 were divergent genotypes and also reflected desirable per se for various morpho-physio-biochemical traits. Nine crosses between divergent parents suggested 5 crosses involving DRMR-15-9, RAURD-14-18, BPR-541- 4, DRMR4001 & RGN-368 with Urvashi; and 4 crosses involving RGN-13, RGN-368, PRE-2013-19 & KMR (E) 16-1 with Rajendra Sufalam. PA & H.T.E. contributed maximum towards total divergence under both stress environments. Molecular diversity analyses also reflected PRE-2013-19, KMR (E)16-1 & RAURD-14-18 as divergent as well as genotypes with unique alleles; whereas, DRMR-15-9, Rajendra Sufalam and RGN-368 as genotypes with unique alleles. Thus, reflecting their overall usefulness as divergent genotypes. NI2A09, showed best polymorphic bands, highest (0.636) PIC values and four alleles per locus and can be effectively utilized for studying diversity of Indian mustard genotypes. Studied genotypes reflected variability in all six environments except for CT & RGR. Rajendra Sufalam offered stability under poor environment and found most suitable genotype for terminal heat stress-late-sown & timely-sown conditions. Also it was only stable stable (rich environment) genotype for oil content overall six environments as well as diverse stable parent with superior per se for many traits including SYP. RGN-13 with average and rich environment stability in early-timely and late-timely-sown conditions whereas, RAURD-14-11 and BPR-541-4 (rich environment stability) suitable for farmers for both early and late-sown with timely-sown agroecologies of Bihar. Suggested Indian mustard plant type for heat stress condition, the emphasis is required towards seedlings and early growth stages before flowering (SDW-VPD-DFFO), PAPD, DPM, high: LPMA, PBP, SPMA, SPB, SL, TSW, RWC & CC including SI, H.S.I. and H.T.E.ThesisItem Open Access Stability study in spring planted early maturing sugarcane clones for higher yield(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2018) Kumar, Praveen; Pandey, S.S.Fifteen early maturing sugarcane genotypes were planted in spring season at two different locations viz. Pusa and Madhopur for two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) to assess their stability across four environments viz. E1 – Pusa‟2016, E2 – Madhopur‟2016, E3 – Pusa‟2017 and E4 – Madhopur‟2017, in Randomized Block Design with three replications for yield and attributing traits. The genotypes showed high amount of variability present in individual (E1, E2, E3 and E4) and pooled over environments for most of the characters. Genotypes viz. CoP 16437, CoP 16436, CoP 11437 and CoP 16438 showed superiority for most of the traits including sugar and cane yield. PCV was found higher than GCV revealed environmental influence, sugar yield exhibited high heritability coupled with high GAM revealing preponderance of additive effects of gene while cane yield at harvest showed high heritability coupled with moderate GAM. Significant G × E interaction including environment (linear), linear component of G × E interaction and pooled deviation (non-linear) were significant indicating considerable genetic variability for most of the studied traits. Role of the environmental variation was observed for most of the attributes except for the number of shoots at 120 days, plant height (PH) at 240 days, single cane weight (SCW), number of milliable cane (NMC) and cane yield (CY) at harvest revealing no effect of environment or similar behaviour and response of studied genotypes. As per estimated stability parameters, six genotypes were found stable viz. CoP 16437, CoP 11438 and BO 153 stable for CY and SY in rich environment. CoP 16436 stable in poor environment for CY while in rich environment stable for SY. CoP 16438 stable in poor and rich environment for SY and CY respectively whereas CoP 11437 was stable for CY in rich environment. In AMMI analysis, G × E interaction was found highly significant for most of the traits, IPCA I and IPCA II were also found highly significant for most of the traits. IPCA I and IPCA II cummulatively contributed more than 80 percent of the total G × E interaction for all traits. All four environments E1, E2, E3 and E4 were identified as favourable for cane yield and sugar yield at harvest and fall into two groups i.e. one group (E2 and E4) and another group (E1 and E3) were preferred for most of the traits and had similar effects on genotypes. Biplot analysis revealed that genotypes CoP 16437, CoP 16436, CoP 11437, CoP 16438, BO 153 and CoP 11438 were found the most desirable and favourable across different environments. As per both the stability model the genotypes viz. CoP 16437, CoP 16436, CoP 11438, CoP 16438 and CoP 11437 were identified as stable one for yield and yield attributing traits in their respective environments.ThesisItem Open Access Stability study on basal and non-basal branching genotypes of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss) under different moisture regimes(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2018) Chandra, Khusboo; Pandey, AnilKeeping in view large acreage of Indian mustard under conserved residual moisture – rainfed condition on farmers‟ fields, the present study entitled “Stability study on basal and non-basal branching genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss) under different moisture regimes” was undertaken. Two field experiments: Divergence study under rainfed condition (Rabi 2015-16) with 50 genotypes from 10 AICRP-R&M centres located in major crop Brassicas growing areas; Stability study (Rabi 2016-17) with 20 genotypes, under four environments viz, no irrigation under Rainout Shelter (E1), rainfed (E2 ), one irrigation : 45 DAS (E3 ) and two irrigations: 45 and 65 DAS (E4 ), conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications and evaluated for twenty – five and thirty – three morpho-physio-biochemical traits, respectively along with laboratory experiment for drought related thirteen physiological traits. 50 genotypes for investigated characters revealed significant amount of variability, categorized as 13 BB and 37 Nbb (27 M-Nbb and 10 H-Nbb) plant types. Rajendra Suphlam and NDRE7 (BB), Pusa Mahak and NRCDR-2 (M-Nbb) and Rohini (H-Nbb) reflected superiority for many traits as compared to best national check basal – branching variety Varuna. High level of variation with more number of PBB, SB-PBB, less IL-PBB, bold seeds – PBB on basal branches observed as compared to Nbb on all 13 BB genotypes. PCV higher than GCV revealed environmental influence, PBP-1, SBP-1, NS, SG, IL, HFPB, HFS, AS, AB, RL, RV and RG exhibited high h2bs and Genetic advance as percent of mean revealing preponderance of additive effects of gene. Early DFF, DPM and less IL showed negative whereas, RV, RG and SS-1 exhibited positive association of traits with GYP1. Multivariate analyses, Tocher‟s, Euclidean and PCA methods reflected maximum contribution (85.39%) of root length, HFPB and RV towards total divergence. The suggested crosses with the most divergent parents involved all branching patterns (BB, M-Nbb and H-Nbb) in 13 crosses combining 9 (Tocher‟s and Euclidean method) and more reliable in six divergent crosses between six most divergent genotypes: Rajendra Suphlam/ Divya, Rajendra Suphlam/ RH0406 and Rajendra Suphlam/ TM-2 (BB/BB); Pusa Mahak/ Divya (M-Nbb/BB); Rajendra Suphlam/ Kranti(BB/M-Nbb) and Pusa Mahak/ Kanti (M-Nbb/H-Nbb) common from Tocher‟s, Euclidean and PCA methods, were suggested for future Brassica improvement. High amount of variability individual (E1, E2, E3, E4) and pooled over environments reflected worth of studied genotypes for most of the characters. Significant G-E interaction including environment (linear), linear component of G-E interaction and pooled deviation (non-linear) were significant indicating considerable genetic variability for most of the studied traits. Role of the environmental variation was observed for most of the attributes except no influence on SD, LS, SS-1, LAI, CC, PRO, TSW and OC. Out of eleven stable genotypes, seven (NRCDR-2, TM-151, Kranti, PKRS-28, TM-128, PM-28 and RAURD-78) in poor, two (Rajendra Suphlam and KMR 10-2) in average and two (Rohini and RH8814) in rich environments. NRCDR-2 and Rajendra Suphlam, both stable genotypes for yield in poor and average environments, respectively, exhibited stability for RGR, LAI,SLW, HI and DME( in poor) and for RV, DPM, CC, PRO and BY (in rich) environments. But for HFPB and TSW, Rajendra Suphlam reflected stability in poor whereas for HFPB, NRCDR-2 expressed in rich environment. For none of the 11 stable genotypes DFFO reflected stability and needs attention for ideotype development except RH-8814 in rich environments. NRCDR-2 (M-Nbb, Variety 2007) is the most stable genotype in poor whereas popular variety Rajendra Suphlam (BB) stable in average environments can be suggested to farmers for residual moisture – rainfed condition. Suggested plant ideotype based on findings of present investigation for moisture stressed – rainfed condition would be basal – branching, semi – compact growth habit (AB) and semi – appressed (less AS) siliqua bearing one; with more than 50% PBBs accommodating SBs, less IL, lower positioning of HFS, deep tap root with more volume (RL and RV), earliness in DFF and DPM, high RGR, LAI and SLW up to early DFFO stage, bold seeds and other yield components like LS, SS-1 and DME. Yield determinants RV, RL and HFPB are most important for residual moisture – rainfed environments as reflected by their contribution towards total divergence, high significantly positive (RL, RV) and negative ( HFPB) association, regression direct effect towards yield along with high h2bs and Genetic advance as percent of mean. Overall, RV as best yield contributor also reflected stability in rich environment among stable genotypes for yield (poor and rich environments) and could be utilized for mustard varietal improvement in moisture stress.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars using DUS based descriptors & microsatellite markers(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Kushwaha, Nitesh; Kant, RaviA study was undertaken to evaluate 22 local lowland rice cultivars employing DUS based descriptors and to investigate the SSR marker-based polymorphism for the purpose of characterization, differentiation and estimation of genetic diversity among cultivars employed in the investigation. The present investigation was carried out during kharif, 2018 at Rice Breeding Section, Pusa Farm, Pusa, Bihar. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications and molecular diversity analysis using SSR markers was carried out in the molecular laboratory of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Dr. R.P.C.A.U, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar. Out of 36 DUS descriptors taken under study, no variation was found in traits like coleoptile color, presence of auricles and leaf collar, split ligule, presence of secondary branching and straw colored sterile lemma. Shyamala had uniform purple, basal leaf sheath color. Culm altitude was spreading in Singhara. Color of stigma in most of cases was white and purple in few genotypes like Janaki, Madhukar, Meghnad, Shyamala. Tip of lemma of Madhukar and Ujala Dhusaria was Red and purple in case of Janki, Shyamala and Meghnad. Singhara was the only awned variety, having white awns which were distributed throughout the panicles. All the cultivars were non aromatic. Barogar bears broadest grain and Cultivar BPT-5204-Sub-1 bears narrowest grains. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the character. Brasali was the highest yielder suggesting that it can be used for crossing programme for improvement in yield. High values of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for grain yield per plant, 1000 grain weight and plant height indicating that these traits can be used as selection indices for yield improvement. Grain length, root volume, panicle length of main axis, number of panicles, showed positive significant correlation with grain yield per plant. Hence, selection for any one of these characters would ultimately bring improvement of in grain yield. Grain length, root volume, panicle length of main axis and leaf length showed high direct effect on grain yield per plant. Hence, selection based on these characters would be more effective for yield improvement. Twenty-two genotypes of rice were grouped into six clusters using Tocher‘s method. The cluster I consists of maximum number of genotypes forming the largest cluster followed by cluster VI having three genotypes. Maximum inter-cluster distance was found between cluster III and cluster IV, thus may be utilized in future for heterosis breeding programme for getting high yielding recombinants. A total of 15 loci were assigned to the fifteen primer pairs. Altogether 33 allelic variants were detected among the twenty-two cultivars with an average of 2.2 alleles per locus. A total of 33 shared and 3 unique allelic variants were generated in the form of amplified products. The highest PIC values observed was 0.71 for primer RM-70. The magnitude of Dice similarity coefficient between Silhat and Shyama was found to be maximum whereas it was minimum for Pankaj and Meghnad. By drawing the phenon line at 25 similarity units, perusal of dendrogram clearly indicates that the entries were basically divided into five clusters. Cluster A had maximum (10) genotypes followed by cluster C (7) genotypes, cluster B (4) genotypes, cluster D and E were mono-genotypic.ThesisItem Open Access Character association and divergence analysis in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Mohanty, Tushar Arun; Singh, Umesh KumarThe investigation entitled “Character association and divergence analysis in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)” was carried out with 30 genotypes including a check namely Krishna. The genotypes were grown in randomised block design with three replications during Kharif 2018 at research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi. Investigation was carried out on variability, character association, path analysis and genetic divergence for quantitative characters viz plant height(cm), days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of productive branches/plant, height of 1st capsule(cm), number of productive capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, biological yield per plant, harvest index(%), 1000 seed weight(g), stearic acid(%), linolenic acid(%), linoleic acid(%), oleic acid(%), palmitic acid(%), oil content (%),oil yield per plant(g) and seed yield per plant(g). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation among the genotypes for all the characters. The variability study indicated high to moderate phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation accompanied by high heritability and high to moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean for traits like plant height(cm), days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of productive branches/plant, height of 1st capsule(cm), number of productive capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, biological yield per plant, harvest index(%), 1000 seed weight(g), stearic acid(%), linolenic acid(%), linoleic acid(%), oleic acid(%), palmitic acid(%), oil content (%),oil yield per plant(g) and seed yield per plant(g). This study indicates preponderance of additive gene effect, which will help to make selection in early segregating generation. The genetic advance as per cent mean suggesting still there is scope for further improvement of genotypes for these characters. Correlation studies indicated that seed yield per plant exhibited significant positive association with plant height, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of seeds per capsule, biological yield per plant, oil yield per plant as well as among themselves at phenotypic and genotypic level under both environments. However, seed yield per plant showed negative significant correlation with linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oil content. Path analysis revealed that highest positive direct effect was exhibited by Path coefficient analysis revealed that oil yield per plant exerted the highest positive direct effect on seed yield, days to first flowering and plant height Thus, these characters may be used as selection criteria for respective environments. The highest negative direct effect was showed by Number of seeds per capsule and oil content. The thirty genotypes taken for genetic divergence analysis differed significantly with regard to the characters studied and displayed marked divergence and grouped into four clusters following Tocher’s method. Cluster I had twenty seven genotypes. Cluster II, cluster III and cluster IV were monogenotypic comprises only one genotype. The character oil content exhibited maximum contribution towards divergence. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and IV followed by cluster I and IV, cluster I and III, cluster I and II, cluster I and III and cluster II and IV indicating the chances of getting high yielding recombinants would be better if the crosses are made among the genotypes of these groups under timely sown condition. The genotypes in cluster III and cluster IV, due to maximum inter cluster distance between them, exhibited high degree of genetic diversity and thus may be utilized under inter varietal hybridization programme (transgressive breeding) for getting high yielding recombinants.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity study of QPM inbreds (Zea mays L.) using morphological characters and microsatellite markers(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Singh, Digvijay; Kumar, AjayA study was undertaken to characterize and evaluate twenty five locally adapted inbred lines of QPM for various morphological characters to estimate the extent of genetic diversity among these maize inbred lines using morphological and molecular characterization. The present investigation field research work was undertaken during kharif2018 in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replication having plot size of 1.5 x 4.0 = 6 m2 at TCA Dholi farm and molecular work was performed in the molecular breeding laboratory, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, R.P.C.A.U,Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar. The characters studied were Days to 75% tasseling, Days to 75% silking, Daysto 75% brown husk, Plant height(cm), Ear height(cm), Ear length(cm), Ear girth (cm),Tassel length (cm), Number of kernel rows per ear, Number of kernels per row and Grain yield (Kg/ha) The morphological characterization includebiometrical analysis namely, genetic variability, heritability (broad sense), geneticadvance as per cent of mean, Character association analysis, Path analysis, geneticdivergence using D2 statistic by Tocher’s method Similarly Molecularcharacterization of maize inbred lines involved. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the inbred lines for all the parameters .From the variability studies, high magnitude of GCV and was observed for Grain yield (kg/ha) indicating the importance of these traits in evolution and selection of inbred lines for yield improvement under maize breeding programme. High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for ear length (cm), plant height, ear height and grain yield (kg/ha) indicating effectiveness of selection due to preponderance of additive gene action for these traits and direct selection may be effective for these traits. Correlation studies indicated that Plant height (cm), Ear height (cm), Ear length (cm), Ear girth (cm), Number of Kernel rows/ear, number of kernels/row showed significant positive association with grain yield as well as among themselves at phenotypic and genotypic level. All the 25 QPM inbred lines were grouped into 7 clusters using D2 statistics usingTochers method (Morphological characterization) and 5 clusters using Jaccard similarity coefficient analysis (Molecular characterization) shows that inbred linesviz., CML-2501-170, CML61*65-18, CLQ*CL-26, CML*CL02843-12, CLQ-RCYQ-41included in the same cluster indicating thereby that these inbred lines of maize are relatively more closely related to each other with respect to the morphological and molecular characterization under consideration in the present investigation. The maximum intra cluster distance was observed in cluster IV and minimum intra cluster distance was observed in cluster III. The highest inter cluster distance was observed in between Cluster I and VI. Genotype from these clusters may be selected as parents for hybridization programme for developing new hybrid combinations. Among 299 combinations, ear length ranked 1st followed by grain yield, ear height, plant height, days to 75 % tasseling, tassel length, no. of kernels per row, ear girth, days to 75 % silking and No. of kernel rows per ear, The maximum cluster mean was observed in cluster III and minimum cluster mean was observed in cluster VI. Therefore, selection ofparents from different clusters might be done for desired traits on the basis of highercluster mean values, suggesting scope for Improvement in these characters. A panel of thirteen primers, namelyphi036, phi029, umc1963, phi083, umc1304, umc1545, phi453121, umc1165, umc1403, umc1265, umc1161, umc1367 and phi059 generated amplified products due to amplification of single locus was successfully used to achieve the targeted amplification and the polymorphism was recognized on the basis of presence or absence ofbands, in addition to variation in respect of number and position of bands. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two in the cases umc1367, phi059, umc1161, umc1161 to five in the cases of phi036. A total of 26 loci were assigned to the 13 SSR primer pairs. Altogether 41 alleles were detected among the eighteen maize inbred lines with an average of 3.15 alleles per locus across 25 QPM inbred lines using 13 SSR markers. A total of 4 unique alleles were observed for the 13 SSR primer pairs used with an average of 0.31 unique alleles per primer. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values, which reflect allele diversity and frequency of the markers among the inbred lines, were not uniform for all the primer pairs tested. Numerically, the value was found to vary from 0.339 in the case of umc1265 to 0.678 in the case of phi083 and phi029. In general, the level of polymorphism determined by PIC values was quite high and varied considerably among SSR primers. The average PIC value of 0.543, which was obtained in this study, confirms that SSR primers utilized for molecular characterization of inbred lines under evaluation were, in general, highly informative. Since PIC values higher than 0.5 reflect high informative ability of the markers and all the primer pairs with high PIC values were highly informative. The pair-wise estimates of similarity coefficients ranged from 0.000 to 1.00. A close perusal of the data on similarity coefficients clearly indicates that the magnitude of similarity coefficient between CLQ-RCYQ-41 and CLQ-RCYQ-28 (1.00) was the maximum amongst pair-wise combinations of entries under evaluation in the present study. A perusal of the dendrogram clearly indicates that the entries were basically divided into five clusters for the purpose of deriving inference about the pattern of divergence amongst the entries at the molecular level. Use of SSR markers appeared more efficient in achieving unique and unambiguous characterization and differentiation of inbred lines used in the present study. The SSR analysis also revealed unique or variety specific allele, which could be useful as DNA fingerprints in the identification and preservation of maize inbred lines.ThesisItem Open Access Agro morphological and molecular characterization of local rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Sinha, Naincy; Kumar, RajeshThe present investigation was carried out at Rice Research Farm, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa during kharif 2018 and molecular work in plant breeding and genetics laboratory in the month of Feb –April. It was done to assess the Agro-morphological characterization, genetic variability, Correlation, Path Coefficient analysis, genetic divergence (Cluster analysis), and molecular characterisation. The experimental material consisted of 23 rice landraces including check Sugandha. Analysis of variance indicated that the mean sum of squares due to treatments were significant for all fifteen quantitative trait. High estimates of PCV were observed for traits grain yield per plant, days to50% flowering, plant height, panicle length of main axis, panicle number per plant, length of leaf blade, width of leaf blade, 1000 grain weight, grain width, decorticated grain length, decorticated grain width, root volume. In present set of materials high heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for panicle length of main axis, panicle number per plant, length of leaf blade, root volume, grain yield per plant. The highest magnitude of coefficient of variation was noted for grain yield per plant followed by panicle number per plant, panicle length of main axis, width of leaf blade, decorticated grain width, stem thickness. In the present investigation simple correlation coefficients among fifteen quantitative characters revealed that grain yield per plant had significant positive correlation with panicle number per plant. Path analysis revealed very high positive direct effect by days to 50% flowering, length of leaf blade,1000 grain weight, grain length, root volume and decorticated grain length and very high negative direct effect by days to maturity, plant height, stem thickness, panicle length of main axis, decorticated grain length on grain yield per plant. Hence, selection based on these characters would be more effective for yield improvement. The landraces in cluster D and cluster E due to maximum inter cluster distance between them, exhibited high degree of genetic diversity and thus may be utilized in future breeding programme for getting high yielding recombinants. Cluster D showed higher mean performance for most of the yield attributing characters therefore, selection of parents from this cluster would be effective. Grain yield per plant followed by 1000 grain weight, root volume, days to 50% flowering, length of leaf blade, grain width were major characters contributing towards genetic divergence. Scoring was done for 31 morphological DUS descriptors on rice as per the IIRR (formerly known as DRR) guidelines. Out of 31 characteristics, 6 were monomorphic, partially monomorphic was found in single trait, 6 were dimorphic and 18 were polymorphic. . The dimorphic and polymorphic characters showed their potential for genotype characterization. The landrace sathi-1 was observed to be more distinct, with the rarest morphological feature like no panicle exertion, black lemma and palea colour, early flowering and early maturity were observed. The landrace Parwa Pankhi with unique feature i.e. longest sterile lemma. Character decorticated grain aroma divided 23 landraces into scented and non- scented landraces. Scented landraces are Lalmati, Rajbhog, kankirbi, sugandha, Kasturi, Basmati-570, Marcha-1, Marcha-2, Tarori Basmati, CSR-30. The descriptors offering the most discrimination were lemma and palea colour, flag leaf: attitude at early and late observation. A panel of fifteen primers, namely RM 555, RM 5791, RM 566, RM28166, RM 70, RM 286, RM 319, RM 321, RM 324, RM 416, RM431, RM520, RM521, MRG 2805, and MRG2894 generated amplified products Altogether 81 allelic variants were detected among the twenty-three rice genotypes with an average of 3.52 alleles per primer. A total of 74 shared and 7 unique allelic variants were generated in the form of amplified products by using 15 primer pairs. Considerably the greater number of alleles had been detected in primers RM520, RM321, RM70, MRG2894, and MRG2805. RM566, RM520, RM324, RM321, RM70, MRG2894 generated considerably unique alleles rest the primer pairs generated shared alleles. The PIC values revealing allele diversity and frequency among the landraces varied from 0.32 in the case of RM286 to 0.87 in the case of RM520 and RM521 with an average of 0.725 per primer. The pair-wise estimates of similarity coefficients ranged from 0.062 to 0.733. The magnitude of Dice similarity coefficient between Dihawan and Moti; Sugapankhi and Lalka Dhan (0.7333) was found to be the maximum.By drawing the phenon line at 25 similarity units. A perusal of the dendrogram clearly indicates that the entries were basically divided into four groups. Cluster I, II, III, IV consisting 13, 2, 7, 1 landraces respectively. Analysis of divergence pattern based on morphological and molecular characterization having 15 quantitative traits and fifteen SSR markers allowed differentiation and classification of twenty three rice landraces into five and four clusters, respectively revealed that genotype Marcha-1, Marcha-2; Jadhan, Rajbhog; Karahani Dudha Ladu, Moti, Parwa Pankhi, Lalka Dhan belong to same group in both clusters showed high similarity between genotypes present in same clusters.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of rice varieties using phenotypic descriptors and genomic markers(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Chhaya, Ruchika; NilanjayaThe present investigation was carried out at Mysore plot of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar during Kharif 2018 using twenty two rice varieties in Randomized Block Design with three replications to characterize them using phenotypic descriptors and genomic markers. The observations were recorded on thirty four qualitative traits and fifteen putative traits that included morphological traits viz., days to fifty per cent flowering, days to maturity, stem length excluding panicle, stem thickness, panicle length of main axis, panicle number per plant, length of leaf blade, width of leaf blade, 1000-grain weight, grain length, grain width, decorticated grain length, decorticated grain width, root volume and grain yield per plant. The different statistical parameters used for interpretation of data were Analysis of variance, Genotypic and Phenotypic variance, Genotypic and Phenotypic coefficient of variance, Heritability, Genetic advance, Correlation coefficient analysis, Path coefficient analysis and Genetic diversity to study nature and magnitude of variability and diversity. Characterization was also done on the molecular level using fifteen SSR markers for all the twenty two rice entries. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the accessions for all the characters. Environmental influence was meagre on expression of these characters as it was evident by narrow gap between genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. The genotypes exhibited high variability for the characters days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, stem length, length of leaf blade, 1000 grain weight and root volume. Length of leaf blade and decorticated grain width depicted very high GCV and PCV, indicating the importance of these traits in evaluation for selecting the genotypes. In present set of materials high heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, length of leaf blade, 1000 grain weight, grain length, grain width, decorticated grain length, decorticated grain width and grain yield per plant indicating preponderance of additive gene effect, which will facilitate selection in early segregating generation. Stem thickness, width of leaf blade, 1000 grain weight, grain width, decorticated grain width and root volume showed significant positive correlation with yield and have positive direct effect at phenotypic level indicating the importance of these characters for further yield improvement. Path analysis revealed traits like days to maturity and decorticated grain length had positive direct effect as well indirect effect on grain yield at genotypic level and at phenotypic level. Twenty two genotypes of Rice were grouped into 5 clusters using Tocher‟s clustering method. Cluster I had 18 genotypes, cluster II, III, IV and V each had one genotype i.e. monogenotypic. Highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and cluster V. The maximum contribution in the manifestation of genetic divergence was exhibited by length of leaf blade. Based on the results of all major parameters including morphological indices under present investigation, genotypes Dular and Rajendra Saraswati appeared to be outstanding performers. Observations taken for 34 qualitative traits among twenty two varieties indicated that eighteen traits (coleoptiles color, culm attitude, anthocyanin color of keel, stem anthocyanin colouration of internodes, panicle colour of awns (late observation), distribution of awns, sterile lemma colour, panicle excertion, leaf auricles, leaf anthocyanin color of auricles, leaf collar, leaf ligule, decorticated grain color, leaf shape of ligule, decorticated grain aroma, leaf collar color, stem anthocyanin coloration of nodes, presence of secondary branching in panicles) did not show any variation. Remaining characters shows significant variations. Amplification reaction was performed with fifteen microsatellite based SSR primers targeting the chromosomes of the rice genome. Amplification was successfully achieved with all the primer pairs. A total of 92 shared and 48 unique allelic variants were generated by using the fifteen primer pairs. The number of shared alleles per locus ranged from four in case of RM 319 and MRG 2805 HAU 2805 to eleven in case of RM 5791. Similarly, the number of unique alleles per locus ranged from one in case of RM 319 and MRG 2894 IRRI 2894 to ten in the case of RM 521. The cluster analysis based on similarity index of simple matching grouped the studied rice genotypes into six clusters, and no geographical isolation was observed.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity in mid late Sugarcane clones and their molecular characterisation(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Kumari, Pooja; Kumar, BalwantThe present investigation entitle ‘Diversity in mid late sugarcane clones and their molecular characterisation’ was undertaken with thirteen mid-late maturing sugarcane which were planted during 2018 at Research Farm of RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar in randomized block design with three replications to assess the variability parameters viz, variance and coefficient of variances at phenotypic and genotypic level, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean, correlation between pair of productive characters its direct and indirect effects on sugar yield, extent of diversity among the clones and its molecular characterizations. Observations were recorded for cane and sugar yield attributing traits viz, germination percentage at 45 Days, number of tillers (000/ha) at 120 DAP, number of shoots (000/ha) at 240 days, plant height (cm) at harvest, cane diameter at harvest (cm), brix % at 10 month stage, pol % at 10 months stage, purity % at 10 months stage, CCS % at 10 month stage, brix % at 12 month stage, pol % at 12 months stage, purity % at 12 months stage, CCS % at 12 month stage, single cane weight at harvest, fiber % at harvest, extraction % at harvest, pol % in cane at harvest, cane yield (t/ha) and CCS t/ha (sugar yield) at harvest.Observed data were subjected to statistical analysis to fulfill the objectives under study. Analysis of variance showed highly significant difference for all the character indicating wide range of variability existing among the clones. The clones CoP2061 and CoLk15469 were performed best for sugar yield and its attributing traits. Higher numerical values of phenotypic variances were observed for all the traits with respect to its genotypic counterpart, similarly highermagnitude of PCV was recorded for all the traits with respect to GCV indicating greater environmental influence on these traits for total variation. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of means was observed for sugar yield, cane yield, germination % at 45 days, cane height, single cane weight at harvest and fiber % at harvest. Therefore, it indicates the presence of additive gene action forsimple Title of Thesis : “DIVERSITY IN MID LATE SUGARCANE CLONES AND THEIR MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION” Name of Student : POOJA KUMARI Registration Number : M/PBG/129/2017-18 Year : 2019 Major Subject : Plant Breeding & Genetics Minor Subject : Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Major Advisor : Dr. Balwant Kumar Sugarcane Research Institute, Pusa, Bihar. Total pages in thesis : 103 + xi (Bibliography) + 1-12(Appendix) selection based on phenotype for these characters might be effective method for sugarcane variety improvement breeding programme. At phenotypic and genotypic level the characters viz. germination % at 45 days, number of shoots at 240 days, no. of milliable canes at harvest, cane height at harvest, pol % in juice at 12 month, purity % at 12 month, CCS %12 month, brix at 12 month, single cane weight, extraction %, pol % in cane showed highly significant and positive correlation with CCS t/ha (sugar yield). At genotypic level, pol % in cane showed high and positive direct effect on sugar yield followed by brix % at 12 month stage, fiber % at harvest, CCS % at 12 month and brix% at 10 month while Pol % in juice at 12 month exhibited maximum negative direct effect on sugar yield followed by pol % in juice at 10 month stage , CCS % at 10 month stage.Maximum positive indirect effect effect exhibited by pol % at 12 month stage via.pol % in cane followed by via., CCS % at 12 month stage, fiber % at harvest and brix % at harvest. Maximum negative indirect effect exhibited by CCS % at 12 month stage followed by via. pol % in juice at 10 month. All the thirteen clones were grouped into three clusters among them only cluster I contain eleven clones while others two were monogenotypic. The maximum inter cluster distance was found between cluster I &II followed by cluster I & III and cluster II & III while intra cluster distance was exhibited only in cluster I. Fiber % at harvest had highest percentage contribution toward genetic divergence followed sugar yield, brix % at 12 month, single cane weight, pol % in cane at harvest, brix % at 10 month, extraction % at harvest, no. of tiller at 120 days, cane height, cane diameter, pol % at 10 month. Clustering pattern showed that the genetic diversity was more important than geographical diversity because genotypes belonging to different places of origin were also present in the same clusters.This indicated that selection of genotypes for these traits may be rewarding for future utilization in breeding programme. A total of 56 alleles were obtained out of which 41 shared and 15 unique allelic variants were generated in the form of amplified product by polymerase chain reaction using eleven primer pairs.The PIC values revealing allelic diversity and frequency among the genotypes varied from 0.36 in case of NKS 57 to 0.90 in case of NKS 1 with an average of 0.62. The similarity coefficients revealing genetic similarity with respect to size of the amplified products generated from targeted regions of the genome varied from 0.518 to 0.857 for the pair wise combinations amongst thirteen entries under evaluation. Two Clusters were obtained when phenon line was drawn at twenty five similarity units. Cluster I consist of ten genotypes. The tri-genotypic cluster II consist of three genotypes. When phenon level draw at fifty similarity unit cluster I and II further divided in sub -clusters.It is concluded that use of SSR marker is very reliable approach for identification of diverse genotype(s) where phenotypic similarity of the cultivars leads to difficulty while selections of parents for hybridization.