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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access QUANTIFICATION OF SURFACE WATER CONTAMINANTS FROM AGROCHEMICALS IN RURAL AND TRANSITION ZONES OF BENGALURU(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-15) UDAY KUMAR, S. N.; A. S. DevakumarSurface water is a life-saving, limited but easily accessible natural resource essential for the survival of all living organisms. In the case of humans and livestock, it is also essential for food production. Due to urbanization and an increase in the population water scarcity has increased due to contamination. Agriculture inputs are one of the major sources of contamination and the present study is an effort to analyze this in rural and transition zones of Bengaluru, one of the fastest-growing cities in India. In the major fertilizers used by the farmers, it is found that there are high concentrations of heavy metals, especially in zinc sulphate and phosphatic fertilizers compared to urea and ammonium sulphate. The higher levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead were recorded in zinc sulphate, diammonium phosphate, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. Based on the analysis of the physicochemical properties of water bodies in the agroecosystems it is found that surface water bodies during post-monsoon were found to have excellent to good water quality, while in the pre-monsoon they were found to be excellent to moderate in quality for irrigation. Based on Horton’s assessment surface water in the south and north rural parts of Bengaluru falls into the excellent water quality class. In the transition zone, all the surface water samples from the north and southern parts were in good to excellent water class during the post-monsoon season. Whereas in pre-monsoon, the majority of surface water bodies are found in the good water category. Thus, in general, the water quality of surface water bodies in the agroecosystems of the transitional zone of Bengaluru is more contaminated compared to the rural zone which can be attributed to contamination caused by higher chemical inputs used in agricultural activities in this region.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHARACTERISTICS OF DUMPING YARD LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOIL, WATER, CROP AND HUMAN HEALTH(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2020-12-24) KIRAN, S. C.; Nagarajaiah, CThe Leachate produced from municipal solid waste open dumping site of Bengaluru, India was examined to know Leachate transfer potential, pollution potential and enumeration of microbial population, to know the spatial and temporal variation in soil, ground and stream water. To know the impact of leachate at different leachate concentration (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %) on growth and biomass production of cabbage was conducted under greenhouse condition. The survey has also been conducted for correlating the facts regarding human health. The leachate collected during summer has higher leachate pollution index followed by winter and rainy season. Potentially heavy metals in leachate derived from dumping site have transfer potential till 3 to 4 km in soil and ground water and till 5th km in stream water. Cordially high content of heavy metals in the leachate, the groundwater and soil near the dumping site are polluted may be due to redox potential. The enumeration of microbial population in ground water and stream water resulted as increase in population with decrease in distance in summer fallowed by winter and rainy season. The survey results are also in line with information collected from primary health centre regarding human health and results obtained.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEMS IN SEMIARID CONDITIONS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-22) UTHAPPA, A. R.; A. S., DevakumarThe study was conducted in different land use systems viz., tree plantations (Tectona grandis, Terminalia bellirica, Swietenia macrophylla, Artocarpus hirsutus), natural forest, horticulture (Mangifera indica), agroforestry (Melia dubia) and agriculture at University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru. Litterfall patterns, quantity and quality varied among the tree based ecosystems. Highest litter accumulation was recorded under A. hirsutus and least under T. grandis. The litter decomposition rate was higher in T. grandis and T. bellerica compared to A. hirsutus and S. macrophylla while in natural forest it was moderate in nature. Among the abiotic factors rainfall is found to be more crucial for litter decomposition. The initial litter chemistry content varied between the species and also the concentration of nutrients in the litter varied considerably with time among the tree species. The soil physico-chemical and biological properties varied between the systems. Dehydrogenase activity, available potassium, pore space and iron content emerged as critical soil traits. Based on soil quality index, land use systems are in the following descending order; natural forest followed by S. macrophylla, agroforestry, T. bellirica, T. grandis, A. hirsutus, agriculture and horticulture systems. The soil and litter fauna found to vary among the land use systems. The influence of abiotic and biotic factors on litter mineralization and nutrient release is found to occur because of the changes seen in litter and soil fauna. Further, the quantity of mineral nutrients released upon mineralization of litter is not sufficient to sustain desired levels of major nutrients in the soil. Thus, even under undisturbed tree based land use systems soil nutrient content are low under the semiarid climatic conditions, indicating the susceptibility of soils. Under the predicted climate change scenarios, the conditions may lead to desertification, and therefore need management interventions for undisturbed natural forests, and certainly for arable land.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOGRAPHIC, MORPHOMETRIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre (HONGE) FOR ITS SUITABILITY FOR BIO-DIESEL PRODUCTION –A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACH(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2021-06-12) MAYUR, A M; BALAKRISHNA, GOWDAThe study on Physiographic, Morphometric and Bio-chemical traits was taken up to understand the variation on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of seeds and oil content in Pongamia pinnata L. in different rainfall zones of Hassan district. The results revealed significant variation among the rainfall zones. The girth was found to be highest in low rainfall (0.93 m) and least in high rainfall area (0.60 m). The maximum height was found in high rainfall (7.5 m) and was least in low rainfall area (5.6 m). The reproductive parameters were maximum in low rainfall zones, but the results showed reverse trend for seed parameters. The seed oil content was maximum for low rainfall (24.5 %) and was least in high rainfall zone (22.5%). However, the results did not show significant variation between the locations in each of these rainfall zones. Similarly, tree-to-tree variations in each of the three sources studied were found to be significant for all the parameters. The moisture content was found to be highest in high rainfall (15.93%) and least in low rainfall area (9.55%). The fatty acids varied significantly along the three rainfall zones of the study area. The highest content of the palmatic acid (12.04 %), stearic acid (6.03 %), oleic acid (8.48 %) and linoleic acid (5.36 %) was detected in low rainfall zone followed by medium rainfall zone except for the oleic acid and the lowest content of this entire chemical component were detected in the high rainfall zones.ThesisItem Open Access POTENTIALS AND CHALLENGES OF COLLABORATIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT: A COMPARATIVE CASE OF UTTARA KANNADA, KARNATAKA AND MAU FOREST, KENYA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2021-12-27) SYALLOW DOROTHY, MASIGA; SYALLOW DOROTHY, MASIGA; SYALLOW DOROTHY, MASIGA; SYALLOW DOROTHY, MASIGA; SYALLOW DOROTHY, MASIGA; PRASANA, K.T; PRASANA, K.T; PRASANA, K.T; PRASANA, K.T; PRASANA, K.TThis study was conducted to examine status of collaborative forest management through the operations of Village Forest Committees (VFCs) in Karnataka and Community Forest Associations (CFAs) in Kenya, to understand achievements and bottlenecks. It focussed on the social capital indicators (membership), livelihood opportunities presented to involved communities, roles of VFCs and CFAs in forest management and resultant outcome on forest status, and the community attitudes. Data were gathered through questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, scheduled field monitoring and secondary sources. Results indicated fair community engagement level in the VFCs, constituting over 50% of population in eligible areas, while CFAs unveiled low membership of 6% - 23.00%, owing to lack of benefits and CFA governance matters. Benefit sharing was the main gain to VFC’s through village development funds, further, VFC managed micro credit facility supported member’s economic activities. CFA members gained from forest use rights in the form of Non-Timber Forest Product Collection (NTFP) and forest-based enterprises. Both VFCs and CFAs were engaged in tree cover expansion. Village forest development fund was key funding source for VFC’s, while the CFAs depended on scarce member registration/renewals fees and grants, limiting scope of activities implemented. Overall, forest offence incidences declined and was linked to VFC presence; however, Forest encroachments cases were on the rise, signifying existing pressures on forests. In Mau, forest recovery was observed nonetheless characterized by fluctuating forest cover, depicting existing pressures. Generally, VFC (62.23%) and CFA (48.67%) members exhibited favourable attitudes towards CFM specifically for enhancing community participation and access to forest use. CFM offers opportunities for sustainable forest management; financial sustenance of the community structures and proper governance enhance effectiveness of their operations.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MELIA DUBIA TO MOISTURE STRESS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-10-25) LOUSHAMBAM ROMEECHAND SINGH; Devakumar, A. S.The present investigation was carried out to assess the genetic variability of Melia dubia germplasm lines through molecular approach using SSR markers. From the results it is found that forty-two accessions segregated into thirteen genetically distinct clusters, indicating genetic diversity at molecular level. Further, growth of these lines was evaluated for five years in the field which receives low rainfall of 660 mm annually. A wide variation in growth was noticed among the forty-two lines under field conditions. To assess the physiological reasons for variation in growth, a controlled experiment was conducted by selecting ten accessions, of which five were the best and five were poor performing at field level. These lines were vegetatively multiplied through softwood cuttings and grown at field capacity and at 50% of field capacity (stress). From this study the Accessions MD058, MD013 and MD111 recorded highest growth both under field capacity and at 50 % moisture stress, while lowest growth was noticed in MD126 and 69 which corroborate with their field performance. Germplasm lines that recorded highest growth has also recorded highest photosynthetic rates both under field capacity as well as at 50 % moistures stress and they also recorded higher WUE, better photosynthesis recovery rates after stress and had higher drought susceptible index. The above results suggest that photosynthetic ability of a plant is a primary driver of growth. From the above results accessions MD058, MD013 and MD111 were found to perform better under low rainfall conditions.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK IN THE TREE-BASED LAND USE SYSTEMS OF KODAGU BASED ON GROUND SAMPLING AND SPECTRAL MODELLING(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-09-26) HAREESH, T. S; NAGARAJAIAH, C.The study on assessment of aboveground biomass and carbon stocks in tree based land use systems of Kodagu was carried out during 2017-18 by using RS and GIS techniques. Significant difference between different land use systems in terms of diversity, composition, density and vegetation structural parameters was observed. Evergreen forests are found to be floristically richer and diverse among all land use systems. Among the production land uses, coffee plantations with native trees are also found to be rich with respect to species richness and diversity and almost resembled natural forests. Aboveground biomass and carbon in dry and moist deciduous forests, robusta and arabica coffee plantations with exotic tree, rubber and teak plantation were found to be on par with each other. On the other hand, biomass and carbon existed in evergreen forest, robusta and arabica coffee plantations with native trees and robusta coffee plantations with mixed trees were almost similar but differed significantly with other land use systems. In dry and moist deciduous forests, robusta coffee plantation with exotic type, arabica coffee plantations with native and exotic types and teak plantations, the maximum biomass and carbon was contributed by 90-120 cm girth class individuals. Whereas, in evergreen forests, robusta coffee plantation with mixed type and robusta coffee plantation with native types, the maximum biomass and carbon has been contributed by higher girth class (>180 cm). Therefore, removal of individuals from these classes significantly alters the carbon stock and dynamics in this region. Geospatial modelling of aboveground biomass and carbon revealed an average of 182.02 Mg ha–1 and 85.55 Mg ha–1 , respectively with a total of 74.70 Mt of biomass and 35.11 Mt of carbon for the entire district with 73% accuracyThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF TREE DIVERSITY, PRODUCTIVITY AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-10-13) DODDABASAWA; Mahadeva Murthy, M.The present investigation ‘Assessment of tree diversity, productivity and carbon sequestration potential of different agroforestry systems’ was carried out during 2015-16 and 2016-17 in north eastern Karnataka covering six districts on farmers fields. Bund and boundary plantings were the major traditional agroforestry systems practiced by the farmers in both rainfed and irrigated ecosystems. Tree number varied with farm holding size and kind of agroforestry systems and was positively correlated. Shannon’s diversity index was higher with small farmer followed by medium and large farmer and mean number of species was more influenced by the prevailing ecological condition of the location. 27 tree species belonging to 15 plant families with 92.6 per cent being indigenous were recorded in rainfed ecosystem. Azadirachta indica was the most predominant species followed by Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus mauritiana and Tamarindus indicus. While under irrigated ecosystem, 52 tree species belonging to 25 families with 85 per cent being indigenous were dominated by Tectona grandis followed by Azadirachta indica and Cocos nucifera. The grain yields of pigeonpea in association with neem under rainfed ecosystem and teak under irrigated ecosystem were lower near the tree line at 5 m distance compared to at 10 m and 15 m distances, however, different agroforestry systems did not reveal significant variation in yield. In all, yield was lower in agroforestry systems compared to control. Nevertheless, positive influences of agroforestry system were visible on soil properties, energy use efficiency, carbon sequestration and carbon sustainability compared to food grain based system, and trees in agroforestry systems accounted for 50 to 70 per cent higher carbon sequestration than the conventional agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS OF Simarouba glauca AND Calophyllum inophyllum AGRO-FORESTRY TREE SPECIES(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-02-24) PRASANNA KUMARA, M; Hattappa, SField experiment, “Studies on decomposition of leaf litter and nutrient dynamics of Simarouba glauca and Calophyllum inophyllum agro-forestry tree species” was conducted at GKVK, Bengaluru and ARS Hassan during winter and summer 2014-15. The experiment comprising of sixteen treatments consisting of two tree species, two depths, two locations in two seasons, laid out in factorial RCBD with three replications. The leaf litter production quantified for two seasons during winter and summer (November to April 2015) in Simarouba and Calophyllum at two locations revealed that the highest leaf litter fall was recorded during winter in Simarouba (24.33 kg tree-1 month-1) and lowest in Calophyllum (2.7 kg tree-1 month-1) during summer. The microbial activities showed significant differences at 90 days after leaf litter decomposition in two tree species. The urease (102.09 μg NH4 -1 g-1 soil 2hr-1), DHA (112.6 μg TPF g-1 soil day-1) and phosphatase (29.2 and 23.3 μg PNP g-1 soil) activity was recorded highest in Simarouba plantation compared to Calophyllum plantation. The available soil nutrients were significantly higher at 90 days after leaf litter decomposition in Simarouba plantation (N-193.8 kg ha-1, P-32.6 kg ha-1, K-362.6 kg ha-1 and S-29.7 ppm) compared to Calophyllum plantation (N- 174.5 kg ha-1, P-25.6 kg ha-1, K-246.41 kg ha-1 and S-24 ppm), respectively. The Simarouba tree species litter had a higher initial nutrient content and released its nutrients faster with higher proportion than the Calophyllum tree thus significantly higher soil fertility was obtained in Simarouba agro-forestry system.
