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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses(AAU, Anand, 2012) Kumar, Dharmendra; PARIKH, P. V.The present clinical study entitled "B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses" was undertaken in 135 dogs (4 months -15 years) and 50 horses (1-15 years) of either sex from 01st April, 2011 to 31st March, 2012 at university clinic, Anand. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the normal and affected eyes was done using linear transducer (7.5-18 MHz) by transcomeal (129 dogs) and transpalpebral (six dogs) approaches. In 50 horses ocular ultrasonography (US) was performed by transpalpebral approach. In all animals corneal anesthesia was achieved with proparacaine HCl 0.5% instilled directly on cornea. Age wise distribution of canine cases revealed maximum incidence of ophthalmic affections in the age group of 5-10 years (39.26%, 53) followed by 10-15 years (28.89%, 39), 1-5 years (22.22%, 30) and 0-1 years (9.63%, 13). Breed wise ophthalmic affections were maximum in Pomeranian (59.26%, 80) followed by Labrador retriever (13.33%, 18), German shepherd (11.11%, 15), Beagle (5.18%, 7), Dalmatian, Golden retriever (2.96%, 4 in each), Doberman (2.22%, 3), Lhasa apso (1.48%, 2), Boxer and Pug (0.74%, 1 each). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in male (57.03%, 77) than females (42.97%, 58). Age wise distribution of equine cases revealed maximum ophthalmic affections in 5-10 years (36%, 18) followed by 10-15 years (30%, 15), 1-5 years (24%, 12) and 0-1 years (10%), 05). Breed wise incidence of ophthalmic affections was maximum in Kathiawadi and Marwari horses (40%, 20 each) followed by Sindhi (20%, 10). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in females (54%, 27) than males (46%, 23). In dogs and horses different ophthalmic parameters like anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length were studied according to age, sex, breed, left and right eyes and normal and abnormal eyes. Different parameters of eye increased in dogs of age group greater than five years than 0-1 year. Parameters of eye like anterior chamber depth, vitreous depth and axial length were significantly longer in male dogs than female. Whereas anterioposterior depth and latero-medial diameter of the lens differed non significantly. According to breed, anterior chamber depth and latero-medial diameter of lens differed nonsignificantly, but anterio-posterior depth of the lens in Dalmatian and German shepherd differed significantly. Axial length in Dalmatian differed significantly than German shepherd and Labrador retriever. An insignificant difference was observed for different parameters between left and right eyes. In normal and abnormal eyes, anterior chamber depth differed nonsignificantly, but all other parameters like anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length differed significantly. Among types of canine cataracts, different ophthalmic parameters differed non significantly in 5-10 years age group, but all the eye parameters in morgagnian cataract differed significantly fi-om immature, mature and hypermature cataracts in 10-15 years of age group. Out of 50 horses, five were of 0-1 year age group, 12 of 1-5 years, 18 of 5-10 years and 15 of 10-15 years. Anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length increased with age. Different parameters of eyes in male and female, breed, left and right eye and normal and affected eyes varied non significantly. In dogs ophthalmic affections like cataract, luxation of lens, vitreous degeneration and (RD) were diagnosed. Secondary luxation of lens was seen in five cases of which two had anterior luxation and rest posterior luxation. Detached vitreous revealed multicurved lines with different varying reflectors in 18 dogs; of which, four dogs had bilateral vitreous degeneration and in the rest (14) unilateral. Vitreal syneresis was observed in one dog. Vitreous degeneration was more in males than females. Fourteen cases of RD were diagnosed on US, of which five cases were in Pomeranian, with bilateral involvement in one case; four cases in Labrador retriever with bilateral involvement in two cases, one case each in Pug, Beagle, Golden retriever and German shepherd. In four cases close- close type of RD was found and in nine cases open-close type. In horse, five cases of RD were diagnosed, of which four were Kathiawadi and one Marwari. All cases revealed open-close type of RD. Eight horses diagnosed with Setaria eye worm in anterior chamber (6 cases) and vitreous body (2 cases). Thus ultrasonography is a safe and non-invasive method which can be used m diagnosis of ocular disorders as complementary to routine ophthalmic examinations in dogs and horses. Further this study established ocular echobiometry dimensions for certain breeds of dogs and horses bred in India.ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION AND CLINICAL USE OF DIODE LASER IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2014) TARWARE, VARSHA; PARIKH, P. V.LASER is the acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The diode LASER is one of the most widely used medical lasers in the world delivering an intense beam of infrared light with 635-980 nm wavelengths. In the present study, selected clinical cases were allotted to two groups. In Group 1, six animals (dogs) were subjected to celiotomy with diode LASER technique and in Group 2, twelve dogs with small tumors (<3 cm) were subjected to diode LASER ablation. The dogs were prepared aseptically for the surgeries. After premedication with Inj. Atropine (@ 0.02 mg/kg body weight), dogs were anaesthetized with Inj. Ketamine HCl (@ 10 mg/kg body weight) and Inj. Diazepam (@ 0.5 mg/kg body weight) IV. Full thickness skin was incised using StarLas 250 diode LASER with 0.2 mm ceramic tip and settings of 7-9 watt (in continuous wave mode) and up to 25 watt in pulsed mode. The laser tip (hand piece) was kept in contact mode. Sterile saline solution moistened gauze sponges were used to remove carbonized debris which facilitated cutting of tissue with the laser and avoiding thermal injuries to under lying structures. During LASER surgery, surgical blood loss was estimated, and postoperative complications, surgical outcome and postoperative clinical appearance were recorded after 15 to 30 days. In the present study, power settings used for warts / tumors (3-14 WCW mode and up to 25 W- pulsed mode) and celiotomy (7-9 W - CW mode and up to 25W - pulsed mode) were optimum. Diode LASER was also used for surgeries viz. aural hematomas, oral tumors, epilation of eyelid hairs and entropion. The average blood loss during surgery was ~ 1 ml. After 15-30 days of LASER surgery, there was desired wound healing with cosmetic appearance of scar and overall less wound complications. Diode LASER is an effective excisional and dissectional tool which provides significant cutting and coagulation ability in contact mode and thus has superior hemostatic abilities. Based on observations of the present study, it can be said that diode LASER can be a part of surgical armamentarium of small animal practitioners and its judicious use will improve surgical results with cosmetic appearance of the wound.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY USING RETlport ERG SYSTEM IN CANINES(AAU, Anand, 2014) KELAWALA, DIVYESH NARESHBHAI; PATIL, D. B.In the era of information technology, the demand from the pet owners for better diagnosis of retinal disorders is increasing, hence it was envisaged to gain step by step technical skill and standardize the technique of electroretinographic study in dogs. The present study was conducted in 20 dogs, of which ten had no vision abnormality (Group A) and the rest with vision abnormalities (Group B) viz., cataract, retinal detachment, vitreous degeneration, progressive retinal atrophy, retinal degeneration, etc. The ERGs of normal and affected dogs were obtained with special reference to standardize RETIport ERG system and to establish ERG system-specific limits of normality in order to obtain a correct diagnosis. Prior to ERG, all dogs were subjected to detailed ophthalmic examination. Scotopic and photopic ERGs were obtained under general anaesthesia following the protocols of ISCEV. ERG's were interpreted using amplitude and implicit times of and b-waves. The range of implicit time and amplitude of the scotopic b-wave for Group A dogs was 26-49 (median: 37.5) msec and 1.3-505 (median: 253.15) μV, respectively. Range of the implicit time and amplitude for the scotopic a-wave was 8- 21 (median: 11) msec and 23.2-371 (median: 85.7) μV, respectively. The range of implicit time and amplitude of the photopic b-wave for Group A dogs was 16-45 (median: 23.5) msec and 1.3-966 (median: 65.5) μV, respectively. Range of the implicit time and amplitude for the photopic a-wave was 5-19 (median: 12) msec and 2.92-502 (median: 49.7) μV respectively. The Mean+SE of b/a ratio for Group A dogs was 2.33+0.73. The normal range for each breed should be established for ERG to become a more valuable examination tool and the parameters obtained in this study i.e. b/a ratio (2.33+0.73) for dogs with normal vision can be used as normal ERG reference ranges for Spitz dogs. The causative factor for vision abnormality was PRA in three dogs (30%) followed by cataract (n=2; 20%), retinal degeneration (n=2; 20%) and one case each of PRA with cataract, glaucoma and CKD. Dogs with PRA displayed non-recordable extinguished (flatline) ERG response, which confirmed a loss of retinal fianction of the eyes. In a dog with CKD induced retinal detachment, there was rapid reduction in the amplitude of b-wave, but the b/a ratio was within the normal range (2.02+0.38) which indicated that the detached retina is electrically active. The scotopic b/a ratio for the eye with glaucoma was lower and photopic b/a ratio was higher than the normal ranges. In dog with sudden loss of vision, the scotopic b/a ratio of right eye was higher than normal range, while for left eye and photopic b/a ratio for both eyes was lower than normal, propbably indicative of SARD. Non-detectable scotopic rod responses and scotopic maximal response were found in flash ERG of a dog with congenital retinal degeneration. In eyes with mature and hypermature cataracts, there was decrease in the b-wave amplitude and mean peak to peak amplitudes smaller with b/a ratio higher than the normal range. Thus, ERG is useful adjunct test for the diagnosis of retinal dystrophies and for pre-operative evaluation of retinal functions in conjunction with cataract surgery.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON INTERDIGITAL HYPERPLASIA IN CATTLE(AAU, Anand, 2013) GOSAI, ROHITKUMAR K.; TANK, P. H.The present clinical work entitled "Clinical studies on interdigital hyperplasia in cattle" was carried out to evaluate clinical and epidemiological status of interdigital hyperplasia in cattle at different Panjarapoles and Gaushalas belonging to North Gujarat and Saurashtra region of the Gujarat State. A total 36 selected cases of interdigital hyperplasia in cattle were randomly allotted to three groups of 12 each, In Group-I conventional surgical excision was performed whereas, in Group-II and III animals were subjected to liquid nitrogen cryotherapy and thermocautery followed by conventional surgical excision, respectively. The relevant information was collected based on history, clinical symptoms, prevalence rate, breed, age, sex, methods of clinical management and rate of recurrence etc. and analyzed for defining the clinical status of interdigital hyperplasia in cattle. Different pathological stages of the interdigital hyperplasia in cattle recorded during the above clinical survey were documented. The pattern of its occurrence was categorized on the basis of etiology, location and degree of lameness to design the therapeutic and clinical and or surgical management of the malady. The overall incidence of interdigital hyperplasia was 0.49 per cent out of the total 8495 animals surveyed. The agewise incidence of interdigital hyperplasia in cattle was highest in animals between 10-12 years (1.20%). The highest occurrence of interdigital hyperplasia was found in Kankrej cattle (0.76%) followed by Gir (0.31%). The incidence of interdigital hyperplasia was higher in males (0.72%) than in females (0.17%). Majority of the cases of interdigital hyperplasia were seen in open yard with kachcha floor because of unhygienic conditions. The predisposing factors of interdigital hyperplasia in cattle were chronic irritation of interdigital skin due to poor hygienic condition, secondary bacterial infection and splayed claws. The occurrence of interdigital hyperplasia was higher (93.10%) in forelimbs than in hind limbs (6.89%). All the animals were kept off feed and water for 12 hours prior to anaesthetic induction and were given Inj. Benzathine penicillin 48 lakh lU i.m. and Inj. Melonex @ of 0.5mg/kg body weight i.m. 30 minutes before anaesthetic induction. After preoperative preparation, all the animals were restrained in lateral recumbency under mild sedation using Inj.Xylazine @0.01 mg per kg body weight i.v. Later on intravenous retrograde analgesia was achieved using 20 ml of 2% Lignocaine hydrochloride through radial vein in forelimb and tarsal vein in hind limb to provide adequate surgical anaesthesia. Fixing of wire loop at the tip of claws facilitated better exposure of lesion by widening the interdigital space and thus ease of surgical procedure in all the three groups. In conventional surgical excision, after surgical excision of fibrous mass profuse bleeding was noticed and controlled by applying pressure bandage and soaking of the bandage with tincture of benzoin. While, in liquid nitrogen cryotherapy after surgical excision bleeding was controlled by overlapping freezing followed by autothawing, whereas, in thermocautery after surgical excision. Cauterization of wound surface using hot firing irons was effective to control the bleeding and was found more efficient as it expedited healing without any recurrence. In all the three groups, interdigital space could be reduced by tightening of the claw wires, which additionally compressed the site and reduced the bleeding. The toe wiring was found dislodged on 2nd, 3rd and 4th week in some of the animals, during the postoperative observations. Histopathological examination of the interdigital growth showed classical features of fibroma characterized by excessive hyperkeratosis, capillarization, aggregation of lymphocytes around the capillary and epidermal thickening. In group-Ill animals, the time required for wound healing was significantly (p< 0.05) lesser than Groups-I and II animals. The bleeding was observed in three of the cases of group-I animals, whereas, in the group-II and III animals, there was no bleeding during the postoperative observations. Four animals showed mild degree of lameness up to six postoperative weeks which included 2 cases of Group-I, one case each of Groups-II and III. The rate of recurrence was 5.55% in Group-I animals, while Groups-II and III animals did not show any recurrence.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SONOLOCATION GUIDED BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND FEMORAL NERVE BLOCK IN CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDIC CASES(AAU, Anand, 2013) THAKKAR, HIREN D.; BARVALIA, D. R.Key words: Bupivacaine HCl (0.5%), Hyperbaric Bupivacaine HCl (0.5%), Axillary Brachial Plexus Block (ABPB) and Femoral Nerve Block (FNB). The present clinical study is carried out to evaluate the efficacy of bupivacaine HCl (0.5%) and hyperbaric bupivacaine HCl (0.5%) for axillary brachial plexus block (ABPB) and femoral nerve block (FNB) in twelve dogs and twelve goats under ultrasonographic guidance with aid of peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) at 3.0 mg/kg b.wt. Prior to clinical study, two goats were dissected for precise anatomic location of the axillary brachial plexus and femoral nerve to augment the scrupulous result of the study and these two goats were died reason not related to this study and were brought from the department of Veterinary Pathology. The dogs and goats were sedated using butorphanol HCl at 0.1 mg/kg b.wt. and diazepam at 0.2 mg/kg b.wt. respectively prior to go for nerve blockade procedure. For convenient access, total twenty four animals were categorised into eight groups and so three in each group. For ABPB, the animals were positioned in dorsal or lateral recumbency and the axillary region was scanned by ultrasonography machine using high frequency (7.5-12 MHz) linear array transducer. The ultrasound windows produced images of axillary blood vessels and hypoechoic structures surrounded by hyperechoic rim just dorsal to the vessels and those were presumed as the nerve roots of the brachial plexus. The axillary artery as pulsatile hypoechoic structure was kept as landmark. The maximum muscle twitching at 0.4 mA current with aid of PNS made the confirmation that the needle placed was at the nearest position to the nerves of brachial plexus in all the animals and exactly at this site the local anaesthetic solution was injected at 3.0 mg/kg b.wt. and resuhed into complete blockade i.e., ptosis. The onset of the complete sensory and motor blockade in two dogs was observed at 100 minutes and in one dog at 60 minutes using bupivacaine HCl (0.5%). Similarly, the onset of the complete sensory and motor blockade in two goats was observed at 100 minutes and in one goat at 40 minutes using bupivacaine HCl (0.5%). Where using hyperbaric bupivacaine HCl (0.5%), complete sensory and motor blockade was observed at 140, 60 and 100 minutes respectively in each dog. Similarly, the onset of complete sensory and motor blockade in two goats was observed at 100 minutes and in one goat at 60 minutes. Similarly, for FNB, the animals were positioned in lateral recumbency and the inguinal region was scarmed by ultrasonography machine using high frequency (7.5- 12 MHz) linear array transducer with in-plane technique. The ultrasound windows produced images of femoral artery and vein and osseous structure was kept as landmark. Hypoechoic sti-ucture surrounded by hyperechoic rim cranial to the femoral artery was presumed as the femoral nerve. The maximum muscle twitching at 0.4 mA cuiTent with aid of PNS made the confirmation that the needle placed was at the near most position to the femoral nerve in all the animals and exactly at this location the local anaesthetic solution was injected at 3.0 mg/kg b.wt. and resulted into complete blockade. The onset of the complete sensory and motor blockade in two dogs was observed at 60 minutes and in one dog at 100 minutes using bupivacaine HCl (0.5%). Similarly, the onset of the complete sensory and motor blockade in all three goats was observed at 60 minutes using bupivacaine HCl (0.5%). Where using hyperbaric bupivacaine HCl (0.5%), onset of complete sensory and motor blockade was observed in two dogs at 100 minutes and in one dog at 60 minutes. Similarly, the onset of complete sensory and motor blockade in two goats was observed at 50 minutes and in one goat at 100 minutes. The study concluded that axillary approach for brachial plexus block and inguinal approach for femoral nerve block using ultrasonography machine along with PNS are iimovative techniques for thoracic and hind limbs to provide safe, swift and successful regional anaesthesia in dogs and goats without any complication. Bupivacaine HCl (0.5%) has more pronounced post-operative analgesia than hyperbaric bupivacaine HCl (0.5%). Hyperbaric bupivacame HCl (0.5%) takes shorter time for onset of axillary BPB and FNB as compared to bupivacaine HCL (0.5%) which was reported through assessment of sensory and motor block at specific interval in dogs and goats.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IMPLANTATION OF INTRAOCULAR LENS IN THE EYES AND OCULAR LENS MATERIAL IN THE MUSCLES OF RABBITS (Oryctolagus cuniculus)(AAU, Anand, 2012) RISHI, DEEPIKA DEV; PATIL, D. B.Intraocular lens (lOL) implantation after cataract operation has become widespread practice while its clinical results are generally satisfying. Despite this development, there still exist various problems in the design, materials and operative methods. Intraocular lenses are primarily located in the immediate vicinity of uveal tissue and are in direct contact with lens capsule tissue; this can cause a pathophysiologic reaction comprising inflammatory cells and lens epithelial cells. The reactive patterns of both types of tissue are generally considered indicators of lOL biocompatibility. The Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Acrylic hydrophobic and Acrylic hydrophilic test implants were compared with the control implants in six healthy New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. The ocular lens materials were implanted surgically into the body of paravertebral muscle. After the observation period of one month, the animals were sacrificed. The implant together with sufficient unaffected tissue was excised and subjected to histopathological evaluation. The PMMA IOLs were implanted in the eyes of the rabbit following lens extraction by extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) technique and the contralateral 6 right eyes were implanted with Acrylic hydrophilic foldable IOLs by Phacoemulsification technique. The rabbits were observed for a period of one month and the operated eyes were examined grossly and by slit lamp biomicroscopy. Grossly, tissue reactions like hematoma, edema, and encapsulation were not recorded at the paravertebral muscle implant sites. Histopathological examination of the implanted muscle sites arid the implant material revealed no vascularization, fatty infiltration, granuloma formation or inflammatory cells. All the PMMA and Acrylic hydrophilic foldable IOLs were successfiiUy implanted in the bag in the twelve eyes of six rabbits. Intraoperative complications observed were miosis and iris damage (1 eye). All rabbits were subjected to slit lamp examination. Post-operatively, slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed anteriorly dislocated lens (1 eye), neovascularization with corneal edema (1 eye), generalized corneal edema with AC flare and posterior synechiae (1 eye), Posterior capsular opacification, graded 1 (1 eye). Ophthalmic reflexes were present in 11 eyes and absent in 1 eye. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of the operated eyes was within the normal range of 18 to 22 mmHg for all the 11 eyes and buphthalmia with IOP 32 mmHg for 1 eye. Rabbits could successfully be used as models for the implantation studies of IOLs in the eyes following ECCE and phacoemulsification. Intramuscular biocompatibility testing of the ocular lens material in the paravertebral muscles of the rabbits bestowed the benefit of the test article being in a well-vascularized tissue, and this afforded the body the maximum opportunity to react with the test article.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON IMMOBILIZATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES USING BILATERAL EXTERNAL FIXATOR-TYPE II APPARATUS IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2012) Javia, Chiragkumar Babulal; Tank, P. H.A clinical study on Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs was carried out with multiple objectives of knowing the epidemiological status of various orthopaedic affections, standardizing the application of 'Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique' for external immobilization of tibial fractures on cadaver models and lastly, applying and comparing the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique with inframeduUary pinning for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs. Last three years' retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the College Hospital. During that period, a total of 9,630 canine cases were registered out of which 550 (5.71%) cases were having orthopaedic maladies. Amongst those, the cases of fractures were 391 that accounted for nearly 71.09% cases of the reported orthopaedic maladies. Majority of the fractures involved femur 131 (33.50%) followed by radio-ulna 98 (25.06%), tibia-fibula 90 (23.01%) and humems 47 (12.02%). Cadaveric tibiae were used for standardization of the Bilateral External Fixator- Type II Apparatus technique. The diaphyses of tibiae were sawed in a manner to mimic different fractures and these fractures were immobilized using Bilateral External Fixator- Type II Apparatus technique to get hands on training. To evaluate the feasibility of the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fracture in dogs, a study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of tibial fractures. The cases were randomly divided into two groups based upon the fracture stabilization technique used, viz.. Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique (Group I, n=6) and intramedullary pirming (Group II, n=6). Serosanguinous type exudation at pin tract site was seen in group I whereas mild exudation was observed in few cases of group II. Partial weight bearing was seen as early as 2nd postoperative day in group I as against 7th postoperative day in group II. Complete weight bearing was observed from the 8th postoperative day in majority cases of group I as compared to 24th postoperative day in group II. The earlier restoration of the functional usage of the limb could be attributed to the closed reduction, no external infection and axial stability of the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus except in one case. In majority cases of group I joint mobility was earlier, seen from the 2nd post operative day whereas limited joint mobility was seen in the first week which gradually improved in all the cases of group II. Radiological examination was done at weekly intervals. Most of the dogs belonging to both the groups showed proper reduction and good alignment of the bone fragment immediately after the operation. Callus formation was earlier i.e. within 50 days in majority cases of group I as against 54 days in all cases of group II. One case of group I did not show any bridging between the fractured fragments. Minimum or no periosteal reaction was seen around fracture site in group I whereas considerable periosteal reaction was seen around the fracture site in group II. Mild periosteal reaction was seen around the pin insertion sites in group I by 4th postoperative week. Postoperative complications observed in group I were mild pin tract infection which subsided with proper antibiotic dressing. In group I, majority of cases healed completely except two cases in which anatomical reduction was poor. In group II, occasional limping was observed inspite of complete weight bearing. This might have been due to irritation to soft tissues around the entry site of Steinmann pin while flexing and extending the stifle joint. Infection was seen in one case of group II at the incision site and mild rotation of the distal fragments were seen in few cases. Removal of the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus or pin was carried out at 7-8 weeks in group I and 8-9 weeks in group II. This was done when clinical healing was observed in the form of fiinctional limb use and endosteal and/or periosteal bridging was evident on radiographs. The Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus provided better anatomical reduction, axial stability of the fractured fragments, greater joint mobility and functional weight bearing. This technique also prevented muscle atrophy and rotational instability unlike intramedullary pinning. Hence Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus is better suited for treating tibial fractures than intramedullary pinning.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FRACTURE REPAIR IN BIRDS DURING KITE FLYING FESTIVAL(AAU, Anand, 2014) KOTHAMDI, URJA Y.; PARIKH, P. V.Kite flying festival, popularly known as Uttarayan is celebrated on 14th and 15th January by people of Gujarat every year in which electrifying-glass strengthened threads (Manja) of the Indian fighter kites are matched against each other in the air. This manja severely wound the birds and this also leads to fracture. The present clinical study on fracture repair in birds during kite flying festival was undertaken in 25 birds irrespective of species during July-2013 to March-2014. Wing fractures (15, 60 %) were found higher as compared to limb fractures (10, 40 %). In case of wing fractures, incidence of radius-ulna fracture (8, 53 %) was higher, whereas, in case of limb fractures, tibiotarsus fractures (5, 50 %) were more. After taking history, pre-operative stabilization of the birds was done by intraosseous (IO) administration of fluids and emergency drugs. Fracture assessment and repair was not done until the birds became stable. After detail clinical examination of birds in all cases, temporary bandages were applied until surgery was performed. Butorphanol was administered @ 0.1 mg/kg IO, IM in all cases to provide peri-operative analgesia. All surgeries were performed under general anesthesia using ketamine (@ 5 mg/kg) - diazepam (@ 0.5 mg/kg) combination (n=16) or isoflurane anesthesia (n=2). All the birds were subjected to treatment and kept indoor till the complete recovery. Birds with humerus fracture (n=5) were treated using external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin (ESF-IM) tie-in fixator or intramedullary pinning. In case of radius fracture (n=4), intramedullary pininng or figure-of-eight wing bandage was performed. Radius-ulna fractures (n=2) were treated using intramedullary pinning or ESF-IM tie-in fixator. In case of metacarpal fracture (n=2), intramedullary pinning or splint bandage was applied. Retrograde intramedullary pinning was performed in case of femur fracture (n=l). Tibiotarsus fractures (n=5) were treated using external coaptation or intramedullary pinning or ESF-IM tie-in device. In case of tarsometatarsus fractures (n=2), limb amputation was performed. Phalangeal fracture (n=l) was treated by bandage application. In cases of non-union, mal-union as well as old and irreparable fractures, amputation was performed. Post-operative care included antiseptic dressing, bandaging, administration of antibiotics and analgesics and physiotherapy. Passive range of motion and stretching exercises were given to all operated birds for one month. Radiographs were taken at regular interval to evaluate fracture healing. All the implants were removed after confirmation of bone healing based on radiographic observation. In case of wing fracture, good surgical results were observed in 60% cases (6 out of 10) and poor in 40% (4 out of 10) cases. In case of wing fracture, good surgical results were observed in 33% cases (2 out of 6) and poor in 67% (4 out of 6) cases. The cases (n=9) in which amputation was performed were not included in evaluation of surgical result. Eight birds (20%) with complete recovery and good flying acuity were released in the environment at different places as per their natural habitat. 32% birds (12 out of 25) became permanently disabled. During this clinical study, the survival rate of the birds was 80% (20 out of 25) and the success rate was 20% (8 out of 25).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INCIDENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MILK FLOW DISORDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THELORESECTOSCOPY IN DAIRY ANIMALS.(AAU, Anand, 2012) JHALA, S. K.; PARIKH, P. V.The present study was done to record the incidence of milk flow disorders (MFD) in dairy animals in and around Anand and to evaluate the efficacy of conventional surgery/theloresectoscopy for the management of teat disorders. Out of 1972 animals reviewed for MFD, hard milkers were recorded in 44 cows and 62 buffaloes, whereas teat spider in 36 cows and 15 buffaloes. Out of these, 29 cattle and 21 buffaloes with MFD were subjected to detailed investigations using radiography, ultrasonography and theloscopy. Prevalence of MFD was highest in the age group of 6 - 7 years, during the 3rd or 4th lactation. Clinical examination revealed rear quarters to be more affected than fore in both cattle and buffaloes. In cattle proximal and middle portions of the teat were more involved than distal, whereas in buffaloes the distal part was more affected. The site of obstruction i.e., middle to proximal part of the teat (16 teats) and at Furstenberg's rosette (04 teats) were diagnosed using contrast (iopromide) radiography. B mode ultrasonography was performed in 30 teats, wherein anatomical and pathological details of the affected teats were best obtained using 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. Visualization of teat cistern was superior with contact gel technique and that of distal portion of teat with water bath technique. Theloscopy offered direct visualization of internal teat cavity and accurate determination of lesions in 30 teats. During theloscopy better visualization was obtained after rinsing with sterile saline and removal of residual alveolar milk following intravenous oxytocin administration. Conventional surgical technique using BP blade No. 15 was optimal in treating hard milkers (28 cases). Twenty two cases of membranous teat obstructions (teat spiders) were successfully resected using theloresectoscopy restoring the patency for milk flow. Theloresectoscopy facilitated fulguration of membranous obstructions (teat spider) in 22 cases using a loop cautery connected to monopolar electrosurgical unit. On cultural examination of milk samples, isolates of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococci spp., Arcanobacterium spp. and Escherichia spp were obtained which on antibiogram were sensitive to Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Enrofloxacin, Oflaxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Streptomycin and Cefixime. The milk samples collected at immediate postoperative period showed high somatic cell count which decreased to near normal by 21st post operative day in majority of the cases. Theloscopy facilitated non-invasive direct visualization of the internal teat structures, while theloresectoscopy fulguration of teat spider.