LALITA KUMARI, AMADHURAVANI, G.S.2019-01-292019-01-292018http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810092813D5581The present research work on “Monitoring Soil and Water pollution under intensive cropped areas of Guntur division” was taken up to study and evaluate the extent of soil and water pollution due to fertilizers in the intensive cropped areas of Guntur division. Soil and water samples from the farmers’ fields of study area in different mandals of Guntur division of Guntur district were collected at three stages of crop season and various properties were studied. Plant samples were collected at harvesting stage of the crop. Cost of cultivation in cotton growing areas ranged from 20,300 to 34,400 rupees and gross returns ranged from Rs 35,000 to 80,000. The net returns ranged from 8,300 to 46,700 rupees and B:C ratio ranged from 1.31 to 2.55. Cost of cultivation in chilli growing areas ranged from 40,000 to 87,900 rupees and gross returns ranged from Rs 1,00,000 to 1,40,000. The net returns ranged from 15,600 to 1,00,000 rupees and B:C ratio ranged from 1.73 to 2.60. Cost of cultivation in vegetable growing areas ranged from 35,500 to 54,000 rupees and gross returns ranged from Rs 1,00,000 to 1,40,000. The net returns ranged from 52,000 to 87,500 rupees and B:C ratio ranged from 1.06 to 2.06. In all the soil samples of cotton, chilli and soils of vegetable growing areas were slightly alkaline to highly alkaline in soil reaction and non-saline. The organic carbon and available nitrogen contents were low. Phosphorus and potassium contents were medium to high and high respectively in both high input and low input areas. The overall calcium, magnesium and sulphur contents ranged from 1.34 to 22.43, 0.38 to 10.40 mg/l and 5.20 to 82.04 ppm respectively. The overall available Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu content of the soils ranged from 0.12 to 4.58, 0.35 to 19.21, 0.13 to 13.84 and 0.32 to 5.24 ppm respectively. The mean chloride content in the soils ranged from 32.80 to 245.70 mg/l. The available fluoride content in the soils ranged from 0.21 to 2.12 mg/l was very much within the safe levels in soils. In all the soil samples of cotton chilli and vegetable growing areas, the overall nickel content was with in permissible limits of 75 ppm as per the Indian Standards (Awashthi, 2000). Chromium content in soils was within permissible limits of 150 ppm as per European Union standards (EU 2002). Lead content in these soils was below the permissible limits of 250-500 ppm as per Indian Standards (Awashthi, 2000) and 300 ppm as per European Union standards (EU 2002). Cadmium content in the soils was not detected either in high input areas or low input areas. The water samples collected at different stages in all cotton, chilli and vegetable growing areas were found to be clear or brownish in colour without any odour. The pH of water samples was found to be neutral to alkaline and EC was found to be non saline. The mean total hardness of water samples was found to be below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l. Sulphate content of water samples of cotton growing areas was found to be within the permissible limit of 200 mg/l. BOD of water samples were found to be within the permissible limit of 6 mg/l at different stages of crop growth. COD of water samples was found to be within the permissible limit. TDS and TSS of the water samples were found to be above the permissible limit of 500 mg/l at different stages of crop growth. Residual Sodium Carbonate of water samples were found to be within the permissible limit of 2.5 me/l. SAR was found to be within the permissible limit of 10. The carbonates and bicarbonates content was within the permissible limit of 200 ppm. The chloride content was very much higher than the permissible limit of 250 ppm at all locations. Fluoride content was also found to be within the permissible limit of 1.0 ppm at different stages of crop growth. The Phosphate content was found to be within the permissible limit of 10 ppm. Nitrate content of was found to be within the permissible limit of 45 ppm at different stages of crop growth. The overall available Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu content of the water samples ranged from 0.12 to 3.73, 0.24 to 0.82, 0.01 to 0.51 and 0.01 to 0.32 ppm respectively. None of the heavy metals studied ( Pb, Ni and Cd) was detected in water samples except that chromium was detected in few locations. The chromium content in these water samples was higher than the critical limit of 0.05 ppm at few locations. NPK content in cotton kapas ranged from 1.050 to 1.630, 0.218 to 0.336 and 0.963 to 1.273 % with a mean of 1.409, 0.285 and 1.067 % respectively. NPK content in chilli dry pods ranged from 2.75 to 3.13, 0.245 to 0.323 and 1.18 to 1.78 with a mean of 2.94, 0.284 and 1.519 % respectively. NPK content in vegetables (Bendi and brinjal) ranged from 1.4 to 2.7, 0.24 to 0.32 and 0.8 to 2.6 with a mean of 2.01, 0.275 and 1.65 % respectively. The pesticide residues which were identified above the permissible limits in few cotton kapas samples and were Dicofol, Cypermethrin, Ethion, Profenophos and Pendimethalin. The pesticide residues which were identified above the permissible limits in few chilli plant samples were Dicofol, Cypermethrin, Ethion and Bifenthrin. The pesticide residues which were identified above the permissible limits in few vegetable samples were Ethion and Bifenthrin.en-USnullThesis