Parveen KumarVikram Singh2023-01-032023-01-032021-10https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810191031The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS HAU, Haryana to evaluate the performance of wheat under various irrigation and nitrogen sources. The trial was conducted in split-plot design with three replication. It consisted of three irrigation sources i.e. treated sewage water (TSW), canal water (CW) and tube well water (TW); and seven nitrogen sources i.e. control (T1), 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizers (T2), 100 % RDN through vermicompost (T3), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 100 % RDN through FYM (T5), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers +25 % RDN through FYM +25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7). The organic manures was applied before sowing of crop. The results revealed that the plant population at 15 DAS did not differ significantly among various irrigation and nitrogen sources during both the kharif seasons. Maximum plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g/plant) and growth indices viz. leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and chlorophyll content; and yield attributing characters i.e. number of effective tillers/m2, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight, and yields i.e. grain, straw and biological yield were recorded with treated sewage water over canal and tubewell water. However, among nitrogen sources, the significantly highest growth parameters and indices, and yields were obtained under application of 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizer (T2) was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The application of various irrigation and nitrogen sources gave non-significantly relative growth rate (mg/g/day) of wheat during both the years (2017-19). Different irrigation treatments were failed to produce any significant effect on harvest index during both the growing seasons, while the treatments receiving chemical fertilizer application alone or in combination with organic manures (vermicompost and FYM) gave at par harvest and attraction index over control. The significantly improved wheat grain quality in terms of protein content, protein yield, sedimentation value and hectolitre weight was observed under application of treated sewage water which was statistically at par with canal water. However, among nitrogen sources, the application of 100% RDN through chemical fertilizers improved the grain quality but it was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The treatments receiving treated sewage water gave higher nutrients (N, P, and K) concentration and their uptake in grain and straws of wheat crop during both the years. While among the nitrogen sources, treatment T2 exhibited higher nutrient accumulation over rest of the treatments. However, T2 remained at par with T4, T7 and T6. The effects of irrigation sources were non-significant on water consumptive use during both the years. It was observed that plants irrigated with treated sewage water used the water more efficiently compared to canal and tube well water. However, the effect of irrigation sources was non-significant during year 2017-18. Among nitrogen sources, the application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers gave comparable water use efficiency over control due to increased grain yield. During both years of the experimentation, the highest economic return regards net return and B: C ratio were attained with application of treated sewage water. Among fertilizer treatments, the highest B: C was recorded under treatments where sole application of chemical fertilizers were applied. However, integrated application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures gave higher return over sole application of manures and control. Compared to the initial soil pH values, it was reduced under use of all type of irrigation water. However, the application of treated sewage water significantly reduced soil pH as compared to canal and tubewell water. As the EC of tubewell water is high, so after two years of wheat cultivation, the soil EC was significantly increased from 0.84 to 0.91 dS/m. The build-up of soil fertility status regards was organic carbon, available N, P and K was noticed under treated sewage water irrigated plots. However, among different nitrogen sources, the significant improvement in organic carbon, available N, P and K in the soil was brought be the addition of organic manures i.e. 50 % RDN through vermicompost and farm yard manures over sole application of RDN through mineral fertilizers and control treatments. Hence, use of sewage water under wheat cultivation with integrated nitrogen application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures proved economically beneficial.EnglishThesis