Chauhan, R.S.Kandpal, Diksha2019-08-282019-08-282019-07http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810124407The present experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats for 90 days for evaluating immunopathological effect of calcium nanoparticles. The rats were administered nanocalcium at NOAEL dose rate of 1000mg/kg b.wt. The experimental rats were keenly observed for presence of clinical signs and behavior. However, no alterations were recorded. The clinico-pathological parameters of the present study such as hemoglobin showed no alteration. Total leucocyte count (TLC), lymphocytes count and Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was found to decrease in nanocalcium treated rats. The decrease might be attributed to the lymphocytotoxic action of nanocalcium leading to lymphocytopenia and leucopenia. Neutrophil count and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was found to increase and the increase; may be attributed to their compensatory increase against the lymphocytes in nanocalcium treated rats. Serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin was found to decrease whereas; serum gamma globulin was increased. The increase or decrease in protein levels may be due to the inflammatory conditions induce by nanoparticles administration. Serum creatinine and serum calcium were increased, although slight, may pose a serious chronic kidney disease risk in long run. Serum cholesterol and serum ALT were increased. Increased serum ALT increases serum cholesterol and thus calcium nanoparticles over a long durationpossess a threat for subsequent development of atherogenesis. Lymphocyte stimulation assay was performed and was found to decrease for all the mitogens used. Thus, immunotoxic effect of calcium nanoparticles on CMI and HMI was evident. The delayed type hypersensitivity was examined using DNFB and results were suggestive of manifestations of CMI which can be considered as to be down regulated due to nanocalcium. Histopathologically, there were areas of coagulative necrosis, vacuolar degeneration and infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver. Kidneys showed hemorrhages and congestion, atrophy of glomeruli, degenerative and necrotic changes of the kidney tubular epithelium. Spleen revealed wide areas of hemosiderosis, lymphoid depletion and increase in the red pulp region. In lungs emphysema, increased interalveolar septa, infiltration of mononuclear cells was present. Intestines revealed mild lesions of catarrhal enteritis. In heart, congestion and necrosis of the myofibers in were recorded. TEM showed degeneration and swelling of the mitochondria with loss of cristae along with rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) degeneration with areas of electron dense particles in hepatocytes and kidney. TEM for kidney also recorded thickening of the basal lamina of the kidney tubule. TEM of spleen showed phagocytic process of various leucocytes with electron dense particles. The nanoparticles work through mechanism of protein corona and reactive oxygen species formation. These mechanisms assist nanoparticles to increase their circulation time in the living system and subsequently accompany the changes. Calcium being the component of the living system is degradable and less inflammatory and thus finds its usage more as compare to other nanoparticles. Present study however of short duration had recorded the ill effect of calcium nanoparticles on NOAEL dose. This paves the way for conducting a study on large number of animals for longer duration to further conclude the potential immunotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and other effects of calcium nanoparticles.ennullThesis