Dinesh P. TAVINASH E.M2020-07-232020-07-232018http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810149694General anaesthesia with sustained analgesia is inevitable for most of the surgical procedures performed. Additional analgesia without deepening anaesthesia, could be attained by administering analgesic drugs as continuous rate infusion (CRI). A CRI with analgesics will also help in reducing the total anaesthetic requirement during a surgical procedure. Accordingly, the study was conducted to find out the clinico-physiological effects of ketamine and lignocaine as continuous rate infusion for propofol anaesthesia in dogs. The study was carried out in twelve dogs presented for neutering at the surgery out-patient unit of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Female dogs presented for spaying, were selected and randomly divided into group I and group II with six animals each. All the animals were premedicated with injection of tramadol @ 4 mg/kg body weight and xylazine @ 1 mg/kg body weight mixed together in a single syringe and given as intramuscular injection. General anaesthesia was induced in all the animals using injection of diazepam @ 0.2 mg/kg body weight intravenous, immediately followed by propofol injection given intravenously “to effect”. In group I animals, anaesthesia was maintained using propofol given intravenously as bolus injection as and when required “to effect”. In group II animals, anaesthesia was maintained using ketamine @ 10 µg/kg/min and lignocaine @ 30 µg/kg/min mixed in 100 ml normal saline and administered intravenously as continuous rate infusion (CRI) throughout the period of surgery using a flow regulator set at 100 ml per hour speed. Propofol, if required was administered intravenously. The quality of anaesthetic induction was excellent in all the animals studied. There was profound sedation in all the twelve animals studied, following intravenous administration of diazepam and propofol. Transition to anaesthesia was calm and smooth in all animals with profound jaw muscle relaxation, which facilitated an easy endotracheal intubation. Time taken for induction had no significant variations between group I and group II. Rectal temperature, rate of respiration and capillary refill time recorded were within normal limits in all the animals. Heart rate and pulse rate were found to be elevated in group I and group II throughout the anaesthetic period. Blood pressure was observed to be enhanced and stabilised in group II than in group I. The values were observed within the normal range. Electrocardiogram recordings did not reveal any kind of cardiac abnormalities throughout the study period instead a tachycardia could be observed in animals of both the groups. The EtCO2 values were higher with non-significant difference between the groups. An improvement in the saturation of oxygen in peripheral blood could be observed in group II animals which was not observed in group I animals during the period of study. All the animals had a calm recovery except for two animals of group II, where a short period of paddling have been observed prior to the attempts to stand. The time taken for recovery was prolonged in animals of group II as compared to the animals of group I. The dogs which received CRI required less amount of propofol top up for the maintenance of anaesthesia, which proves the sparing effect of ketamine-lignocaine CRI on the requirement of propofol and hence the protocol is proven to be economic. It could be thus concluded that the dogs sedated with intramuscular injection of xylazine-tramadol, followed by an induction with diazepam-propofol and maintained with a continuous rate infusion of ketamine and lignocaine provided excellent analgesia, adequate muscle relaxation, improvement in the saturation of oxygen in peripheral blood, smooth quality of induction and recovery and an enhanced hemodynamics with minimal adverse effects on cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The protocol is also proven to be economic due to the sparing effect of ketamine-lignocaine CRI on the requirement of propofol.ennullThesis