MADHAVA RAO, T(MAJOR)KRISHNAIAH, NGOPALA REDDY, APRABU PRASADINI, PENUMULA KUMAR2018-11-132018-11-132011-02http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810083336THESESABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to characterize the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of raw wastewater collected from three slaughterer houses located in and around Hyderabad city and to assess the efficiency of the treatment available at the plant and the effect of such wastewater on the environment. In raw wastewater from three slaughterhouses, the physical characteristics such as temperature of 31oC, pH of 6.8, turbidity in the range of 1847-4287 NTU, alkalinity varied between 433-903 mg/L, electrical conductivity in the range of 3.31-3.57 mS/cm, TDS varied between 1705-1896 mg/L, TSS ranged between 3001-5479 mg/L. The biochemical characteristics like DO varied between 0.41-1.45 mg/L, BOD ranged between 3559-4169 mg/L, COD varied between 4812-5308 mg/L, TOC varied between 2046-3345 mg/L, calcium ranged from 369 to 595 mg/L, NH4-N varied between 66-152 mg/L, nitrates in the range of 89-111 mg/L and phosphates of 76 mg/L were recorded. Major heavy metals such as lead, nickel and cadmium detected in wastewater from three slaughterhouses lead content ranged between 5.73 and 10.88 mg/L, nickel content of 1.03 mg/L and cadmium content varied from 0.59 to 1.47 mg/L detected. Except lead, cadmium and nickel values were below the effluent discharges limits recommended by pollution control board. In raw wastewater from three slaughterhouses, the microbiological characteristics such as TVC ranged from 68.21x106 - 105.14x 106 cfu/ml, total coliform count varied between 10.41 x106 - 35.16x106 cfu/ml recorded. The pathogens were isolated and the total count of Salmonella spp. ranged between 11.3-14.1x10 4 cfu/ml, Shigella count varied between 2.67x10 4-5.3x10 4 cfu/ml, S. faecalis count ranged between 8.58 x104 - 10.91x104 cfu/ml, S. aureus varied between 18.96x104 - 21.19x104 cfu/ml, B. cereus varied between 9.17 x104 - 10.19 x104 cfu/ml, and L. monocytogenes varied between 1900-6300 cfu/ml. The two slaughterhouses (i.e. II and III) have no treatment facilities and slaughterhouse I only having the UASB and DAF treatment facilities. The treated wastewater from slaughterhouse I has shown insufficient reduction in wastewater strength which was above the recommended limits for effluent discharges. The UASB reactor significantly reduced the wastewater strength. It has shown the removal rates of turbidity, TSS, BOD, COD, TOC, NH4-N, nitrates and phosphates as 71%, 80%, 79%, 71%, 63%, 70%, 53% and 42%, respectively. Whereas the DAF unit has shown the removal rates as 53%, 47%,42%, 55%, 48%, 36%, 49% and 77% respectively. The treatment of wastewater by UASB and DAF units has not been shown any effect on the levels of heavy metals. During UASB and DAF treatments the heavy metal followed an irregular trend with slight variation in levels. Further, the efficiency of UASB reactor has shown efficient removal rates for microbiological properties like TVC, TCC, total count of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. S. faecalis, S. aureus, B .cereus and L. monocytogenes as 78%, 87.4%, 92%, 87%, 85%, 76%, 78% and 72% respectively, whereas the DAF unit has shown these removal rates as 82.6%, 85%, 64%, 70%, 72%, 58% and 72% respectively. The effect of the treated and raw wastewater from slaughterhouses on some physical and chemical properties of the soils was investigated. The results obtained revealed that both raw and treated slaughterhouse wastewater decreased the soil pH to 6.95 and to 6.88 from pH of 7.34 (control soil) and increased the electrical conductivity of soils to 1.59 mS/cm and to 1.48 mS/cm from 0.62 mS/cm (control soil). The raw and treated wastewaters also increased the organic carbon of control soils (1.75%) to 5.29% and to 6.24% and the available nitrogen of control soils (339.04 kg/ha) to 752.64 kg/ha and to 815.36 kg/ha. The heavy metal (Pb, Ni, and Cd) levels in soils polluted with raw and treated wastewaters are significantly increased to 4.11 mg/L, 0.38 mg/L and 0.54 mg/L when compared to that of control soils such as 11.4 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L and 0.13 mg/L, respectively.ennullThesis