PARIKH, P. V.GAMETI, KANAKSINH SURESHKUMAR2018-06-072018-06-072016http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810049751Urinary outflow obstruction is frequently encountered entity affecting the urinary system for which, surgical approaches have not been studied extensively for their clinical outcome. The present study was undertaken for evaluation of the efficacy and clinical outcome of tube cystotomy in calves with urinary outflow obstruction. For this purpose, a total of 14 male calves [including 10 (71.43%) buffalo calves and 04 (28.57%) cattle calves] with a history and clinical signs suggestive of urinary outflow obstruction with or without organ-rupture were included in the study. All the animals were subjected to a diagnostic approach including detailed history taking, complete physical examination and ultrasonography. The calves were categorized into three groups based on diagnosis, viz., (A) obstructive urolithiasis with cystorrhexis in 08 (51.14%)); (B) obstructive urolithiasis without cystorrhexis in 03 (21.43%) and (C) rupture of urethra and subcutaneous accumulation of urine in 03 (21.43%)) cases. The physiological and clinical variants were recorded from the calves diagnosed with urinary outflow obstruction which revealed that the Mean±S.E. Values of rectal temperature (°F), respiratory rate (per minute), pulse rate (per minute) and heart rate (per minute) were 102.90±00.26°F, 29.21±00.47/minute, 94.85±01.48/minute and 89.29±03.48/minute, respectively. The most common clinical manifestation was dehydration (100.00%; 14/14) followed by anuria (85.71%; 12/14); adhesion of sandy materials on preputial hair and penis (71.43%); 10/14); water-belly condition (57.14%o; 08/14); tenesmus of rectal sphincter (42.86%); 06/14); recumbency, subcutaneous edema, rectal prolapse and pressurized necrosis of skin of ventral abdomen (21.43%; 03/14) and haematuria (14.28%; 02/14). Ultrasonography was used as a confirmatory diagnostic imaging technique to rule out underlying condition in calves showing clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction. The characteristic ultrasound features of obstructive urolithiasis with cystorrhexis in all cases (n=08) were ruptured urinary bladder wall and presence of anechoic fluid {i.e., urine) in abdominal cavity. Characteristic ultrasound features of urinary obstruction associated rupture of urethra and subcutaneous infiltration of urine in all cases (n=03) were presence of irregular anechoic fluid/urine pouch surrounded by hyperechoic border (i.e., inflamed skin) as well as presence of anechoic fluid/urine between muscle and subcutaneous tissue. Calves diagnosed with obstructive urolithiasis without cystorrhexis showed presence of hyperechoic calculi in urethra, distension of urinary bladder with intact wall in all (n=03) cases on ultrasound examination. In order to evaluate efficacy and clinical outcome of tube cystotomy the cases were grouped into two groups, viz., Group-I (treated by tube cystotomy using rubber Foley's catheter) and Group-II (treated by tube cystotomy using silicon Foley's catheter) with 07 calves, each. Post-treatment evaluation (30th day) revealed that a complete uneventfully recovery rate without any complications was higher in calves treated by tube cystotomy using silicon Foley's catheter (Group-II; 85.71%; 06/07) than those treated by tube cystotomy using rubber Foley's catheter (Group-I: 14.29%; 01/07). The common post-operative complications associated with use of rubber Foley's catheter were blockade of catheter (28.55%; 02/07); dislodgement of catheter, breaking of catheter, adhesion of catheter with abdominal muscle and surgical wound dehiscence (14.29%; 01/07, each). The results of the study are conspicuous of the long-term favorable clinical outcome, higher recovery rates and lower chances of post-operative complications in bovine calves with urinary obstruction treated by tube cystotomy using silicon catheter.enVETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGYA STUDYThesis