MaansiMaansiMaansiSana ParveenSana ParveenSana Parveen2021-07-282021-07-282021-022021-022021-02https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810171010Non-Typhoidal salmonellosis stands among the major food illnesses. Outbreaks from contaminated fishes have been witnessed worldwide. This study was performed to assess the presence of Non -Typhoidal Salmonella in fishes and associated environmental samples of 22 retail fish meat shops of 4 locations of Uttarakhand. For this, a total of 368 samples (fish meat swabs(n=46), gill swabs(n=23), skin swabs(n=25), intestine swabs(n=23), hand swabs(n=44), knife swabs(n=27), rinsing water(n=22), fish water(n=41), floor swabs(n=22), chopping board swabs(n=24), utensil swabs(n=24) and container swabs(47) were collected. The overall occurrence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella was found to be 4.35% (16/368). The highest prevalence of Salmonella was observed in rinsing water (18.18%,4/22) sample followed by knife swabs ( 11.11%, 3/27) , chopping board swabs (8.33%, 2/24) , meat swabs (6.52%, 3/46) , floor swab (4.54%,1/22) , gill and intestine swab (4.34%, 1/23), fishwater (2.43%,1/41). Geographically, the highest prevalence was observed in Lalkuan (6.52%, 3/46) followed by Haldwani (5.55%, 10/180), Kiccha (2.12%, 1/47) and Pantnagar (2.08%, 2/96). Of 16 Salmonella isolates, confirmed using ompC (204 bp) gene, 14 were revealed as S.Typhimurium (87.5%, 14/16) while 2 did not exhibit the typh gene (401bp) amplicon size. All the 16 isolates screened for the presence of virulence genes using PCR commonly harbored sipA gene (87.5%, 14/16) followed by stn (75%, 12/16), sopB ( 68.75%, 11/16), sopE1 ( 56.25%, 9/16) mgtC ( 43.75%, 7/16) and spvC and gipA ( 12.5%, 2/16) genes each. Highest resistance was observed against Tetracycline and Ampicillin (93.75%, 15/16), Nalidixic acid (50%, 8/16), Ciprofloxacin (37.5%, 6/16) Ofloxacin, Cefotaxime and Sulfisoxazole ( 25%, 4/16) each, Chloramphenicol (12.5%, 2/16) and Streptomycin ( 6.25%, 1/16). Ten Salmonella isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR). Ten different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed. Of these, only one pattern (TE, AMP, NA, CTX , OF, SF) was found common in 2 Salmonella isolates belonging to knife and meat swab sample. All phenotypically resistant and intermediate resistant isolates were screened for 6 corresponding antimicrobial resistance genes. The most commonly occurring resistance gene was gyrA (92.30%, 12 /13), blaTEM (53.33%, 8/15), aadA1 and strA (50%, 2/4), sul1 (30.76 %, 4/13) while tetA was not found in any of the isolates. Overall, our study detected occurrence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in the fish retail meat shops. Resistance to critically important flouroquinolones and highly important Cephalosporin and Tetracycline antibiotic detected in Salmonella isolates is a serious threat to public health which highlights the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials.Non-Typhoidal salmonellosis stands among the major food illnesses. Outbreaks from contaminated fishes have been witnessed worldwide. This study was performed to assess the presence of Non -Typhoidal Salmonella in fishes and associated environmental samples of 22 retail fish meat shops of 4 locations of Uttarakhand. For this, a total of 368 samples (fish meat swabs(n=46), gill swabs(n=23), skin swabs(n=25), intestine swabs(n=23), hand swabs(n=44), knife swabs(n=27), rinsing water(n=22), fish water(n=41), floor swabs(n=22), chopping board swabs(n=24), utensil swabs(n=24) and container swabs(47) were collected. The overall occurrence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella was found to be 4.35% (16/368). The highest prevalence of Salmonella was observed in rinsing water (18.18%,4/22) sample followed by knife swabs ( 11.11%, 3/27) , chopping board swabs (8.33%, 2/24) , meat swabs (6.52%, 3/46) , floor swab (4.54%,1/22) , gill and intestine swab (4.34%, 1/23), fishwater (2.43%,1/41). Geographically, the highest prevalence was observed in Lalkuan (6.52%, 3/46) followed by Haldwani (5.55%, 10/180), Kiccha (2.12%, 1/47) and Pantnagar (2.08%, 2/96). Of 16 Salmonella isolates, confirmed using ompC (204 bp) gene, 14 were revealed as S.Typhimurium (87.5%, 14/16) while 2 did not exhibit the typh gene (401bp) amplicon size. All the 16 isolates screened for the presence of virulence genes using PCR commonly harbored sipA gene (87.5%, 14/16) followed by stn (75%, 12/16), sopB ( 68.75%, 11/16), sopE1 ( 56.25%, 9/16) mgtC ( 43.75%, 7/16) and spvC and gipA ( 12.5%, 2/16) genes each. Highest resistance was observed against Tetracycline and Ampicillin (93.75%, 15/16), Nalidixic acid (50%, 8/16), Ciprofloxacin (37.5%, 6/16) Ofloxacin, Cefotaxime and Sulfisoxazole ( 25%, 4/16) each, Chloramphenicol (12.5%, 2/16) and Streptomycin ( 6.25%, 1/16). Ten Salmonella isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR). Ten different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed. Of these, only one pattern (TE, AMP, NA, CTX , OF, SF) was found common in 2 Salmonella isolates belonging to knife and meat swab sample. All phenotypically resistant and intermediate resistant isolates were screened for 6 corresponding antimicrobial resistance genes. The most commonly occurring resistance gene was gyrA (92.30%, 12 /13), blaTEM (53.33%, 8/15), aadA1 and strA (50%, 2/4), sul1 (30.76 %, 4/13) while tetA was not found in any of the isolates. Overall, our study detected occurrence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in the fish retail meat shops. Resistance to critically important flouroquinolones and highly important Cephalosporin and Tetracycline antibiotic detected in Salmonella isolates is a serious threat to public health which highlights the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials.Non-Typhoidal salmonellosis stands among the major food illnesses. Outbreaks from contaminated fishes have been witnessed worldwide. This study was performed to assess the presence of Non -Typhoidal Salmonella in fishes and associated environmental samples of 22 retail fish meat shops of 4 locations of Uttarakhand. For this, a total of 368 samples (fish meat swabs(n=46), gill swabs(n=23), skin swabs(n=25), intestine swabs(n=23), hand swabs(n=44), knife swabs(n=27), rinsing water(n=22), fish water(n=41), floor swabs(n=22), chopping board swabs(n=24), utensil swabs(n=24) and container swabs(47) were collected. The overall occurrence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella was found to be 4.35% (16/368). The highest prevalence of Salmonella was observed in rinsing water (18.18%,4/22) sample followed by knife swabs ( 11.11%, 3/27) , chopping board swabs (8.33%, 2/24) , meat swabs (6.52%, 3/46) , floor swab (4.54%,1/22) , gill and intestine swab (4.34%, 1/23), fishwater (2.43%,1/41). Geographically, the highest prevalence was observed in Lalkuan (6.52%, 3/46) followed by Haldwani (5.55%, 10/180), Kiccha (2.12%, 1/47) and Pantnagar (2.08%, 2/96). Of 16 Salmonella isolates, confirmed using ompC (204 bp) gene, 14 were revealed as S.Typhimurium (87.5%, 14/16) while 2 did not exhibit the typh gene (401bp) amplicon size. All the 16 isolates screened for the presence of virulence genes using PCR commonly harbored sipA gene (87.5%, 14/16) followed by stn (75%, 12/16), sopB ( 68.75%, 11/16), sopE1 ( 56.25%, 9/16) mgtC ( 43.75%, 7/16) and spvC and gipA ( 12.5%, 2/16) genes each. Highest resistance was observed against Tetracycline and Ampicillin (93.75%, 15/16), Nalidixic acid (50%, 8/16), Ciprofloxacin (37.5%, 6/16) Ofloxacin, Cefotaxime and Sulfisoxazole ( 25%, 4/16) each, Chloramphenicol (12.5%, 2/16) and Streptomycin ( 6.25%, 1/16). Ten Salmonella isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR). Ten different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed. Of these, only one pattern (TE, AMP, NA, CTX , OF, SF) was found common in 2 Salmonella isolates belonging to knife and meat swab sample. All phenotypically resistant and intermediate resistant isolates were screened for 6 corresponding antimicrobial resistance genes. The most commonly occurring resistance gene was gyrA (92.30%, 12 /13), blaTEM (53.33%, 8/15), aadA1 and strA (50%, 2/4), sul1 (30.76 %, 4/13) while tetA was not found in any of the isolates. Overall, our study detected occurrence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in the fish retail meat shops. Resistance to critically important flouroquinolones and highly important Cephalosporin and Tetracycline antibiotic detected in Salmonella isolates is a serious threat to public health which highlights the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials.EnglishThesis