Victor, V.M.Dhruwe, Navneet KumarNaik, R.K.Lakpale, R.Saxena, R.R.2022-03-242022-03-242021https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810183795STUDIES ON RICE STRAW MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES UNDER COMBINE HARVESTED RICE FIELD IN CHHATTISGARHRice is the major crop of Chhattisgarh state. The increasing constraints of labour and time have led to the adoption of mechanized farming in a highly intensive rice system. In Chhattisgarh, mostly the paddy and wheat crops are harvested by combines. After harvesting, paddy straw collected by the farmers is considered as poor feed to animals due to high silica content. The main reason for burning of paddy crop residues in the field includes lack of labour, high cost in removing the crop residues and lack of time for sowing of next rabi crops. The total crop residue generated in India and Chhattisgarh state was 501.73 and 11.25 million tonnes respectively (MNRE, 2019). One tonne of rice straw contains approximately 5-6 kg nitrogen, 0.8-0.9 kg phosphorus and 15-20 kg potash. The study was conducted on different paddy straw management practices to manage paddy crop residue and to reduce its burning, which included various machines being used like happy seeder, rotavator, disc harrow and mulcher. It was found that there was a significant increase in yield of wheat after either sowing directly in the paddy stubble field or sowing after incorporating paddy straw in the field. This study was conducted to know the best combination of machinery for crop residue management and sowing wheat. Even to investigate the effects of a different combinations of machinery on soil properties (physical and chemical) and crop yield in vertisol soil of IGKV Raipur under rice-wheat cropping system. For this study five different combination of machinery have been selected i.e. T1 (Happy seeder), T2 (Rotavator + zero till drill), T3 (Disc harrow + zero till drill), T4 (Trichoderma + disc harrow + zero till drill) and T5 (Mulcher + zero till drill), at three forward speed (S1-2.5, S2-3.0 and S3-3.5 km h-1). Split plot design was used for the analysis of the study. In this experiment machine parameters, soil parameters, residue parameters, plant parameters, energy analysis and cost analysis were studied. Result obtained from the investigation revealed that the highest draft (5.57 kN) was observed in treatment T1 (happy seeder) at the forward speed of 3.5 km h-1 caused by tillage and mulching both operations in one pass. In case of fuel consumption, it was found highest or maximum in treatment (T2) rotavator as compared to other treatments. Similarly, the effective field capacity of happy seeder was recorded highest as 0.59 ha/h at the speed of 3.5 km h-1. Happy seeder cut the higher length of straw as compared to the mulcher. The reduction percentage of length of paddy straw and height of paddy stubble after operation was 90.52% in mulcher at 3.5 km h-1 forward speed. The chopped straw size was obtained superior on the basis of minimum size (2 to 2-4 cm) with happy seeder at forward speed of 3.0 km h-1 followed by mulcher and rotavator. The tensile strength of straw reduced from 6.77 kgf to 2.17 kgf after 120 days of sowing with percentage reduction of 67.9% to the original value. The pH, electrical conductivity, potassium, sulphur, manganese and zinc content of the soil were reduced in all treatments. The pH of the soil reduced more in treatment T1 about 7.1%. Highly reduction of electrical conductivity of the soil was measured in T3 (10.71%). Highest organic carbon content (23.19%) was measured in T2S3. Lowest reduction of nitrogen (5.33) was found in T2 treatment. Phosphorus and iron of the soil increased in all the treatments but it was reduced 4.60 % and 36.45% respectively in T3 treatment. Copper content of the soil increased in T1S3 (25%) and T1S2 (22.91%) treatments but reduced in T4S3 (20%) and T5S1 (20.1%) treatments. No significant difference in crop parameters was found due to different methods of straw management techniques. The maximum plant population/m2 was found in treatment T1S1 because mulching of crop residue provides favorable conditions for wheat crop to grow. The highest number of tillers/m2 was observed as 367.3 in treatment T1S3. At the time of harvesting (130 DAS) the maximum plant height was obtained in T2S2. The highest spike length of 85.0 mm is observed in case of treatment T2S3. The treatment T2S2 gave highest grain count (33.3 grains/spike). The grain yield (42.27 q/ha) was obtained higher in (T1S2) happy seeder at the forward speed 3.0 km h-1 of all five treatments significantly lower average yield of (40.07 q/ha) was recorded among all other treatments by T5S2 (mulcher + zero till drill). The highest straw yield of 62.43 q/ha is observed in case of treatment T5S2 (mulcher + zero till drill). The maximum harvest index was observed in T1S2 (42.96%). The highest straw-grain ratio 1.5. Maximum weight of 1000 grain (41.90 g) was measured in T5 treatment. Highest energy (20024.5 MJ/ha) consumption in treatment T4S3 (Trichoderma app + disc harrow + zero till drill). The higher specific energy requirement 5.04 MJ kg-1 was determined in treatment T3 (disc harrow + zero till drill) and among different combination of machinery highest energy ratio 7.63 and benefit to cost ratio 3.52 were found in happy seeder. The lowest input cost was found in T1 (Rs.18194.27) at forward speed 3.5 km/h. The highest gross return was obtained in happy seeder (T1) as Rs.82853.0/ha at forward speed 3.0 km/h. The highest net return obtained in happy seeder (Rs. 64523.2/ha) at a forward speed of 2.5 km/h.EnglishThesis