Synthesis, characterization and efficacy of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) in rice and wheat rhizosphere
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Date
2022
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Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is appearing gradually in soils where high yielding crop varieties are cultivated in intensive cereal-cereal cropping system. FeSO4.7H2O reported to have very low fertilizer use efficiency (1-5%) owing to interaction with soil components and its higher solubility. There is need for developing intelligent Fe fertilizers or intelligent nutrient delivery system. Nanotechnology based nano Fe fertilizer seems to be promising over conventional formulation due to its higher aspect ratio coupled with increased chemical reactivity. However, studies about nano Fe fertilizer synthesis and their impact on soil plant system are rare. Hence, keeping in this thing into consideration a research work was undertaken entitled “Synthesis, characterization and efficacy of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) in rice and wheat rhizosphere” with the objectives of (i) Synthesis (chemical, biological and nanocomposite) and characterization of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) (ii) To evaluate the efficacy of Fe-NPs under laboratory condition (iii) To evaluate the efficacy of Fe nanoparticles in rice and wheat rhizosphere under pot experiment.
This study included synthesis and characterization of three novel Fe fertilizers i.e., chemically and biologically synthesized of nano Fe and iron loaded nanoclay polymer composites (Fe-NCPC). Fe were contained 5.05%, 0.97% and 4.47% in Fe-NPs (Chem.), Fe-NPs (Bio.) Fe-NCPC, respectively. Chemical and biological synthesized nano Fe shown spherical morphology with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). While Fe-NCPC under SEM illustrated the exfoliated type structure. Average particles size of chemically and biologically synthesized nano Fe using dynamic light scattering (DLS) was measured as 35.4 nm and 25.5 nm, respectively. Functional group characteristics of chemical synthesized nano Fe was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) peak at 669 to 472 cm-1 correspond to Fe-O stretching and vibrational adsorption, at 1630 cm-1 correspond to C=O, 2920 cm-1 asymmetric stretching of C-H and at 3220 to 3440 cm-1 was assigned to O-H stretching vibration. Functional group of biosynthesized nano Fe was at 472 cm-1 for indicate Fe oxide (Fe-O), 1630 cm-1 for carbonyl group, 1300 to 1000 cm-1 for C-O stretching might be due to covalent linkage of ether or ether groups to NPs, 3200 cm-1 to 3600 cm-1 for the organic functional group i.e. hydroxyl or –NH groups. Similarly, in Fe-NCPC shifting of -CONH2 bands from 1690 cm-1 to 1636.09 cm-1 confirmed the interactions between clay surface and polymer. X-ray diffraction of Nano Fe carries illustrated that mixed phases of Fe were present such as Hematite, Magnetite, Meghemite and Pyrite in Fe-Chem. and Fe-Bio nano Fe and Fe-NCPC.
Under laboratory incubation experiment in Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents maximum DTPA-Fe (37.17 mg kg-1 and 36.55 mg kg-1) was recorded at 60 days after incubation in Fe-NCPC. Fe-NCPC was found to be most efficient Fe fertilizer in terms of controlled release pattern at the end of incubation as compared to FeSO4.7H2O followed by biological synthesized nano Fe and chemical synthesized nano Fe.
Nano Fe fertilizers i.e., chemical and biological synthesized nano Fe nano and Fe-NCPC (at three levels doses of Fe 25%, 50% and 100%) along with nano synthesized (chemical and biological) Fe foliar application (40 ppm) were further investigated in comparison with 100% RDFe through FeSO4.7H2O and control in a pot culture experiment under Rice (Rajendra Mansuri) crop. RDFe 100% through nano carriers (Biosynthesized and Chemical synthesized nano Fe) and Fe-NCPC recorded significantly higher DTPA Fe content in Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents as compared to FeSO4.7H2O. While RDFe 25% through nano Fe-NCPC, Fe-NPs (Bio.) and Fe-NPs (Chem.) maintained statistically at par DTPA-Fe content as comparison to FeSO4.7H2O 100%. Synthesized nano Fe carriers significantly contributed in Fe pools in Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. Fe-NCPC as well as nano Fe carriers (Bio-chemical synthesized) significantly increased acid phosphatase (APA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPA) activity as well as urease activity in post-harvest soils Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. Fe-NCPC 100%, Fe-NPs (Bio.) 100% and Fe-NPs (Chem.) 100% increased grain yield (12.98% & 4.25%), (10.88% & 3.14%) and (9.54% and 2.59%) of rice under Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents compared to FeSO4.7H2O. RDFe 100%, 50% and 25% through nano Fe carriers recorded significantly higher Fe content in rice grain under Typic Haplustepts while 100% and 50% Fe through Fe-NCPC, Fe-NPs (Bio.) and NPs (Chem.) observed significantly higher Fe concentration in rice grain under Typic Ustifluvents as compare to FeSO4.7H2O. RDFe of 100% through nano Fe carriers i.e. Fe-NCPC, Fe-NPs (Bio.) and Fe-NPs (Chem.) recorded significantly enhanced Fe uptake by rice as compared to FeSO4.7H2O in post-harvest Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. Nano Fe carriers 25% RDFe recorded statistically at par variation as compared to FeSO4.7H2O. Maximum Apparent recovery of Fe (39.16% & 31.19%) and Agronomy Efficiency (1.30 g g-1 & 1.28 g g-1) were recorded under foliar application of Fe-NPs (Bio.) (40 ppm) followed by Fe-NPs (Chem.) (40 ppm) over FeSO4.7H2O under Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. RDFe 25% through Fe-NCPC 25% was significantly higher ARFe (13.20% & 7.88%) and Agronomy efficiency while 25% RDFe through biological and chemical synthesis Fe-NPs were statistically at par as compared to FeSO4.7H2O. Chemically and biologically synthesized nano Fe fertilizer at foliar spray was also proven to be effective in increasing grain and straw yield as well as enhanced the nutrient content plant acquisition.
Synthesized nanoscale Fe carrier i.e. Fe-NPs (Chem.), Fe-NPs (Bio.) and Fe-NCPC application of at three different levels 100%, 50% and 25% as well as foliar application (40 ppm) of chemical and biological synthesized nano Fe carriers were further investigated as compared to 100% RDFe through FeSO4.7H2O and control in a pot culture experiment under wheat (HD 2967) crop in Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. Recommend dose of Fe 100% through nano carriers recorded significantly higher DTPA Fe content in Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. While RDFe 25% through nano Fe-NCPC, biological and chemical synthesized nano Fe carriers maintained statistically at par DTPA-Fe content as comparison to FeSO4.7H2O. Synthesized nano Fe carriers significantly contributed in Fe pools in Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. Fe-NCPC as well as nano Fe carriers (Bio-chemical synthesized) significantly increased acid phosphatase (APA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPA) activity in post-harvest soils Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. Fe-NCPC 100%, Fe-NPs (Bio.) 100% and Fe-NPs (Chem.) 100% recorded more grain yield of wheat (6.47% & 6.60), (4.84% & 5.21%) and (4.49% & 4.52%) in Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents compared to FeSO4.7H2O, respectively.
Soil (RDFe 100%, 50% and 25%) and foliar (40 ppm) application of nano Fe carriers recorded significantly higher Fe content and total Fe uptake by wheat crop under Typic Haplustepts while RDFe 100% and 50% through nano Fe carriers recorded significantly higher Fe content in grain as well as total Fe uptake by wheat as compared to FeSO4.7H2O under Typic Ustifluvents. Nano Fe carriers 25% RDFe were recorded statistically at par as compared to FeSO4.7H2O. Post-harvest Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents soil, maximum Apparent Recovery of Fe (53.00% & 29.38%) and Agronomy Efficiency (1.30 g g-1 & 1.60 g g-1) were recorded under foliar application of Fe-NPs (Bio.) (40 ppm) followed by Fe-NPs (Chem.) (40 ppm) recorded ARFe (48.93% & 26.37%) and AE (1.23 g g-1 & 1.38 g g-1) over FeSO4.7H2O. RDFe 25% through Fe-NCPC 25% was significantly higher ARFe (13.83% & 7.92%) and AE (0.42 g g-1 & 0.40 g g-1) while 25% RDFe through biologically and chemically synthesized Fe-NPs recorded statistically at par variation as compared to FeSO4.7H2O. Chemically and biologically synthesized nano Fe carriers at foliar spray was also proven to be effective in increasing straw, grain yield and plant nutrition.
However, Nano Fe carriers need to be evaluated in long-term cropping system under field experiments in diverse soil types and evaluation of nano Fe sources in terms of benefit: cost ratio and wide scale adaptability is required