STUDIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIETIES AND BIOFERTILIZERS APPLICATION ON GROWTH, YIELD, QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF STRAWBERRY (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) IN NATURALLY VENTILATED POLYHOUSE
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Date
2021-12-08
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Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30
Abstract
The present investigation “Studies on the performance of varieties and biofertilizers application on growth, yield, quality and shelf life of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in naturally ventilated polyhouse” was conducted at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20. The study was carried out in a set of three experiments, first one on performance of Strawberry varieties in naturally ventilated polyhouse, second experiment on the effect of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Strawberry varieties and third experiment on effect of different packaging materials on shelf life of Strawberry varieties.
In experiment one, varietal performance of Strawberry in naturally ventilated polyhouse was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six treatments and four replications. The results revealed that, var. Winter Dawn has outperformed over all other varieties for vegetative, flowering, yield and quality parameters. The maximum plant height (25.55 cm), plant spread (35.43 cm east-west) and (38.35 cm north-south), number of runners (5.89) and minimum number of days to runner formation (140) was recorded in var. Winter Dawn. The pooled data also revealed minimum number of days to emergence of first flower (75.43), longest flowering duration (58.29 days), minimum number of days to fifty per cent flowering (103.99), minimum number of days flowering to fruit set(12.35 days), maximum fruit set (84.31%), minimum number of days to maturity (27.88 days) and total number of fruits per plant (13.03). Further, the improvement in physical parameters maximum fruit length (40.0 mm), fruit weight
(15.93 g), yield per plant (207.65 g), fruit yield per plot (2.00kg) and yield per hectare (11.34 tha-1) were recorded in var. Winter Dawn.
Among the evaluated varieties, var. Sweet Charlie had recorded maximum fruit diameter (3.67 cm), total soluble solids (7.30ºBrix), acidity (0.83%), reducing sugars (4.51%) and total sugars (6.17%) While, var. Winter Dawn had registered maximum ascorbic acid (47.74mg/100g), anthocyanin (63.45 mg/100), minimum albinism disorder (1.42%) and maximum benefit cost ratio (2.29) as per the pooled data.
Considering the effect of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Strawberry varieties, the maximum plant height (25.10 cm), plant spread (36.26 cm East-west), (36.56 cm North-south), number of runners per plant (6.60) and minimum number of days to runner formation (135.33) was recorded in var. Winter Dawn.
The minimum number of days to 50 per cent flowering (88.38), maximum flowering duration (54.44), minimum number of days from flowering to fruit set (10.39), highest fruit set percentage (74.90 %), maximum fruit length(36.7 mm), maximum fruit weight (16.58 g), fruit diameter (3.40 cm), maximum total number of fruits per plant (13.56) , minimum number of days to maturity (26.18), maximum fruit yield per plant (225.13 g), fruit yield per plot (2.20 kg) and yield per hectare (12.47 tha-1) was recorded in var. Winter Dawn.
In case of quality parameters, var. Winter Dawn had recorded maximum total soluble solids (7.17 ºBrix), minimum acidity (0.71%), maximum reducing sugars (4.41 %), total sugars (6.08 %) and anthocyanin (64.40 mg/100g). Similarly, var. Sweet Charlie had maximum ascorbic acid (51.57 mg/100g), total sugars (6.08 %).
In case of soil nutrient availability, maximum available nitrogen (310.50 kg/ha), phosphorous (16.79 kg/ha), potassium (171.59 kg/ha) and maximum leaf nitrogen (2.83 %), phosphorous (1.11 %) and potassium (2.82 %) content was observed in var. Winter Dawn.
In comparison with different biofertilizers, the application of Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria gave the highest plant height (26.07 cm), maximum plant spread (36.05 cm east-west), (35.82 cm north-south direction), maximum number of runners per plant (5.79), minimum number of days to runner formation after planting (138.83).
Similarly, the pooled data revealed that minimum number of days to emergence to first flower (56.11), number of days to 50 per cent flowering (83.29), longest flowering duration (54.09), minimum number of days from flowering to fruit set (9.95), maximum fruit set (73.34 %), fruit length (37.9 mm), fruit weight (16.84 g), fruit diameter (3.42 cm), minimum days to maturity (26.96), maximum total number of fruits per plant (13.31), yield per plant (224.25 g), yield per plot (2.19 kg), yield per hectare (12.42 tha-1) and minimum albinism (2.63%) were recorded with application of biofertilizers Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha).
Fruits with maximum total soluble solids (7.06 ºBrix), reducing sugars (4.37 %), total sugars (6.05 %), ascorbic acid (50.73 mg/100g), anthocyanin (62.24 mg/100g) and lower acidity (0.74%) was noticed with application of biofertilizers Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha).
The maximum available soil nitrogen (310.62 kg/ha), phosphorous (14.83 kg/ha) and potassium (169.55 kg/ha) was registered in plots applied with Arka Microbial Consortium whereas, maximum leaf nitrogen content (3.08%), phosphorous (1.16 %) and potassium (3.04 %) was also recorded in plots treated with biofertilizers Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha).
The combination of varieties and biofertilizers revealed that significantly maximum fruit weight (17.76 g),total number of fruits (14.62), fruit yield per plant (259.39g), fruit yield per plot (2.54 kg), fruit yield per hectare (14.42 t ha-1) and maximum benefit cost ratio (2.85) was observed with var. Winter Dawn and Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6kg/ha), Whereas, minimum fruit weight (14.83 g), number of total fruits (11.03), fruit yield per plant (163.30 g), fruit yield per plot (1.58 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (8.97 tha-1) was noticed with combination of var. of Shani and No biofertilizer.
The modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) was studied using different packaging materials for Strawberry varieties at ambient storage temperature (25ºC). Among packaging materials, low density polyethylene (50 microns) confirmed as most effective packaging material as compared to control. The minimum weight loss (5.47 and 5.80 %), spoilage per cent (13.31 and 13.36 %), maximum ascorbic acid (27.88 and 22.74 mg/100g) and shelf life (3.17 and 3.29 days) was recorded with low density polyethylene 50 microns compared with low density polyethylene 75 microns and control during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively.
Considering different varieties, var. Winter Dawn was recorded with minimum physiological loss in weight (6.16 and 6.41%), spoilage per cent (23.37 and 22.12%), maximum total soluble solids(5.93 and 5.94 ºBrix), acidity (0.86 and 0.83 %), reducing sugars (4.67 and 4.73 %), total sugars (5.73 and 5.83 %), non-reducing sugars (1.06 and 1.09 %) and shelf life (2.62 and 2.76 days) at fourth day of storage during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively.
As per the interactions between varieties and packaging materials, var. Winter Dawn fruits packed in punnets and covered with low density polyethylene 50 microns was recorded lowest physiological loss in weight (5.25 and 5.72 %), minimum spoilage percent (12.70 and 12.03 %), maximum ascorbic acid (33.84 and 27.45 mg/100g) at fourth day of storage during 2018-19 and 2019-20. Similarly, the treatment combination var. Winter Dawn and fruits packed in punnets and covered with low density polyethylene 50 microns recorded maximum benefit cost ratio (5.84).
The var. Shani and fruits kept in punnets without any packaging material (control) combination was recorded with maximum physiological loss in weight (8.07 and 8.20 %), spoilage per cent (59.03 and 56.73 %) and minimum ascorbic acid content (14.59 and 16.76 mg/100g) at fourth day of storage during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
In varietal evaluation, var. Winter Dawn (V1) has performed best among all other varieties for vegetative, flowering and yield parameters. The var. Winter Dawn biofertilizers Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha) combination (V1B3) noticed as most excellent for growth, yield and quality. The var. Winter Dawn fruits packed in punnets and covered with low density polyethylene 50 microns (V1P2) showed lowest physiological loss in weight, spoilage per cent and proved as best packing material in increasing the shelf life of strawberry fruits.
Description
The present investigation “Studies on the performance of varieties and biofertilizers application on growth, yield, quality and shelf life of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in naturally ventilated polyhouse” was conducted at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20. The study was carried out in a set of three experiments, first one on performance of Strawberry varieties in naturally ventilated polyhouse, second experiment on the effect of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Strawberry varieties and third experiment on effect of different packaging materials on shelf life of Strawberry varieties.
In experiment one, varietal performance of Strawberry in naturally ventilated polyhouse was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six treatments and four replications. The results revealed that, var. Winter Dawn has outperformed over all other varieties for vegetative, flowering, yield and quality parameters. The maximum plant height (25.55 cm), plant spread (35.43 cm east-west) and (38.35 cm north-south), number of runners (5.89) and minimum number of days to runner formation (140) was recorded in var. Winter Dawn. The pooled data also revealed minimum number of days to emergence of first flower (75.43), longest flowering duration (58.29 days), minimum number of days to fifty per cent flowering (103.99), minimum number of days flowering to fruit set(12.35 days), maximum fruit set (84.31%), minimum number of days to maturity (27.88 days) and total number of fruits per plant (13.03). Further, the improvement in physical parameters maximum fruit length (40.0 mm), fruit weight
(15.93 g), yield per plant (207.65 g), fruit yield per plot (2.00kg) and yield per hectare (11.34 tha-1) were recorded in var. Winter Dawn.
Among the evaluated varieties, var. Sweet Charlie had recorded maximum fruit diameter (3.67 cm), total soluble solids (7.30ºBrix), acidity (0.83%), reducing sugars (4.51%) and total sugars (6.17%) While, var. Winter Dawn had registered maximum ascorbic acid (47.74mg/100g), anthocyanin (63.45 mg/100), minimum albinism disorder (1.42%) and maximum benefit cost ratio (2.29) as per the pooled data.
Considering the effect of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Strawberry varieties, the maximum plant height (25.10 cm), plant spread (36.26 cm East-west), (36.56 cm North-south), number of runners per plant (6.60) and minimum number of days to runner formation (135.33) was recorded in var. Winter Dawn.
The minimum number of days to 50 per cent flowering (88.38), maximum flowering duration (54.44), minimum number of days from flowering to fruit set (10.39), highest fruit set percentage (74.90 %), maximum fruit length(36.7 mm), maximum fruit weight (16.58 g), fruit diameter (3.40 cm), maximum total number of fruits per plant (13.56) , minimum number of days to maturity (26.18), maximum fruit yield per plant (225.13 g), fruit yield per plot (2.20 kg) and yield per hectare (12.47 tha-1) was recorded in var. Winter Dawn.
In case of quality parameters, var. Winter Dawn had recorded maximum total soluble solids (7.17 ºBrix), minimum acidity (0.71%), maximum reducing sugars (4.41 %), total sugars (6.08 %) and anthocyanin (64.40 mg/100g). Similarly, var. Sweet Charlie had maximum ascorbic acid (51.57 mg/100g), total sugars (6.08 %).
In case of soil nutrient availability, maximum available nitrogen (310.50 kg/ha), phosphorous (16.79 kg/ha), potassium (171.59 kg/ha) and maximum leaf nitrogen (2.83 %), phosphorous (1.11 %) and potassium (2.82 %) content was observed in var. Winter Dawn.
In comparison with different biofertilizers, the application of Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria gave the highest plant height (26.07 cm), maximum plant spread (36.05 cm east-west), (35.82 cm north-south direction), maximum number of runners per plant (5.79), minimum number of days to runner formation after planting (138.83).
Similarly, the pooled data revealed that minimum number of days to emergence to first flower (56.11), number of days to 50 per cent flowering (83.29), longest flowering duration (54.09), minimum number of days from flowering to fruit set (9.95), maximum fruit set (73.34 %), fruit length (37.9 mm), fruit weight (16.84 g), fruit diameter (3.42 cm), minimum days to maturity (26.96), maximum total number of fruits per plant (13.31), yield per plant (224.25 g), yield per plot (2.19 kg), yield per hectare (12.42 tha-1) and minimum albinism (2.63%) were recorded with application of biofertilizers Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha).
Fruits with maximum total soluble solids (7.06 ºBrix), reducing sugars (4.37 %), total sugars (6.05 %), ascorbic acid (50.73 mg/100g), anthocyanin (62.24 mg/100g) and lower acidity (0.74%) was noticed with application of biofertilizers Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha).
The maximum available soil nitrogen (310.62 kg/ha), phosphorous (14.83 kg/ha) and potassium (169.55 kg/ha) was registered in plots applied with Arka Microbial Consortium whereas, maximum leaf nitrogen content (3.08%), phosphorous (1.16 %) and potassium (3.04 %) was also recorded in plots treated with biofertilizers Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha).
The combination of varieties and biofertilizers revealed that significantly maximum fruit weight (17.76 g),total number of fruits (14.62), fruit yield per plant (259.39g), fruit yield per plot (2.54 kg), fruit yield per hectare (14.42 t ha-1) and maximum benefit cost ratio (2.85) was observed with var. Winter Dawn and Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6kg/ha), Whereas, minimum fruit weight (14.83 g), number of total fruits (11.03), fruit yield per plant (163.30 g), fruit yield per plot (1.58 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (8.97 tha-1) was noticed with combination of var. of Shani and No biofertilizer.
The modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) was studied using different packaging materials for Strawberry varieties at ambient storage temperature (25ºC). Among packaging materials, low density polyethylene (50 microns) confirmed as most effective packaging material as compared to control. The minimum weight loss (5.47 and 5.80 %), spoilage per cent (13.31 and 13.36 %), maximum ascorbic acid (27.88 and 22.74 mg/100g) and shelf life (3.17 and 3.29 days) was recorded with low density polyethylene 50 microns compared with low density polyethylene 75 microns and control during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively.
Considering different varieties, var. Winter Dawn was recorded with minimum physiological loss in weight (6.16 and 6.41%), spoilage per cent (23.37 and 22.12%), maximum total soluble solids(5.93 and 5.94 ºBrix), acidity (0.86 and 0.83 %), reducing sugars (4.67 and 4.73 %), total sugars (5.73 and 5.83 %), non-reducing sugars (1.06 and 1.09 %) and shelf life (2.62 and 2.76 days) at fourth day of storage during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively.
As per the interactions between varieties and packaging materials, var. Winter Dawn fruits packed in punnets and covered with low density polyethylene 50 microns was recorded lowest physiological loss in weight (5.25 and 5.72 %), minimum spoilage percent (12.70 and 12.03 %), maximum ascorbic acid (33.84 and 27.45 mg/100g) at fourth day of storage during 2018-19 and 2019-20. Similarly, the treatment combination var. Winter Dawn and fruits packed in punnets and covered with low density polyethylene 50 microns recorded maximum benefit cost ratio (5.84).
The var. Shani and fruits kept in punnets without any packaging material (control) combination was recorded with maximum physiological loss in weight (8.07 and 8.20 %), spoilage per cent (59.03 and 56.73 %) and minimum ascorbic acid content (14.59 and 16.76 mg/100g) at fourth day of storage during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
In varietal evaluation, var. Winter Dawn (V1) has performed best among all other varieties for vegetative, flowering and yield parameters. The var. Winter Dawn biofertilizers Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (each 6 kg/ha) combination (V1B3) noticed as most excellent for growth, yield and quality. The var. Winter Dawn fruits packed in punnets and covered with low density polyethylene 50 microns (V1P2) showed lowest physiological loss in weight, spoilage per cent and proved as best packing material in increasing the shelf life of strawberry fruits.
Keywords
STRAWBERRY