COMBINED EFFECTS OF DIETARY OCHRATOXIN AND CITRININ AND THEIR AMELIORATION IN BROILER CHICKEN – PATHOLOGICAL STUDY
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Date
2005
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
Ochratoxin and citrinin are being found in combination in a wide variety of feedstuffs used in poultry rations. Ochratoxin is a nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and immuno suppressive mycotoxin and citrinin appears to be a“slow-acting”nephrotoxic & hepatotoxic mycotoxin on which little work has been documented. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicopathological effects of ochratoxin and citrinin in combination on clinical symptoms, performance, haemato-biochemical parameters, gross and histopathological lesions and their amelioration by using physical adsorbant, activated charcoal and detoxifying agent, yeast in broiler chickens. An experiment was conducted for a period of six weeks by obtaining 80 day- old male commercial broiler chicks (Vencob strain). The experimental design consisted of four dietary groups, each group was divided into four replications containing five birds in each. These birds were housed in electrically heated brooders with feed and water available ad libitum. Group I was provided with the routine basal diet. Group II was fed with ochratoxin (2 ppm) + citrinin (25 ppm), where as group III was supplemented with ochratoxin (2 ppm) + citrinin (25 ppm)+ activated charcoal (0.4%) and group IV was provided with ochratoxin (2 ppm) + citrinin (25 ppm) + activated charcoal (0.4%) and yeast (0.2%) along with their basal diets. Clinically the experimental birds of group II were dull and showed watery diarrhoea with out any mortality. By the end of the experimental period average body weights were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in toxin group II against control group I while the groups III and IV showed moderate improvement. However dietary ochratoxin and citrinin (2 ppm and 25 ppm respectively) didn’t show any significant detrimental effect on feed consumption and feed conversion ratios. From the 2nd week onwards birds were sacrificed at every fortnight intervals (14th, 28th and 42nd days of experiment). Blood and serum samples were collected from each group separately for the estimation of haemato biochemical parameters. A detailed necropsy was conducted on each bird and tissue samples of kidney, liver, heart, spleen, pancreas, intestines, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were collected in formal saline for histopathological studies. The haematological profile of the present study revealed that overall mean values of Hb, PCV and TEC were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in toxin group. The serum biochemical profile of the present study indicated a significant (P<0.05) increase in uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, A/G ratio; GGT activity, ALP activity and ALT levels, where as a significant (P<0.05) decrease in cholesterol, total proteins, albumins, globulins, Ca and P in group II birds. However, dietary OA + CTN had no significant effect on AST activity. The haematological and biochemical parameters of groups III and IV showed mild to moderate improvement when compared to toxin group. The gross pathological changes of various organs in the toxin group were characterized by moderately enlarged and congested kidneys, enlarged livers with rounded borders, pale yellow discoloration with occasional haemorrhages. Moderate congestion was observed in heart, spleen, pancreas, intestines and thymus. Bursa of Fabricius showed mild enlargement with gelatinous material. Few birds showed linear haemorrhages on the thigh muscles. The gross lesions were mild to moderate in groups III and IV in comparision with toxin group II. The histopathological changes in various organs of group II birds consisted of moderate to marked congestion and haemorrhages with lymphocytic infiltration, marked degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium of kidneys, sinusoidal congestion, bileduct hyperplasia with mild fatty change in the hepatocytes, mild disruption of cardiac muscle fibres and mild depletion of germinal centers of spleen. Sections of bursa of Fabricius showed cystic spaces in the follicular epithelium and mild depletion of lymphoid follicles, and pancreas revealed mild congestion. Groups III and IV recorded mild to moderate lesions indicating the protection offered by ameliorating agents used in the feed [activated charcoal (0.4%) and yeast (0.2%)]. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the presence of OA + CTN [2 ppm and 25 ppm respectively] in the feed supplied to poultry, resulted in significant toxicopathological effects in the broiler chicken. Activated charcoal (0.4%) and yeast (0.2%) were moderately efficient in ameliorating the toxico pathological effects induced by ochratoxin and citrinin in combination.
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