Impact of lysine, calcium and vitamin D supplementation for improved muscle mass and bone health of young adult women
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Date
2020
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Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Abstract
The study was aimed to assess the impact of supplementation either in the form of dietary or medicinal
supplements of lysine, calcium and vitamin D in order to identify an appropriate approach for the
improvement of body composition. A total of 473 young adult women in the age group of 20-30 years
residing in Punjab Agricultural University hostels were selected randomly for the study. The average
Body Mass Index (22.65 kg/m2) and Waist Hip Ratio (0.78) of the selected young women (20-30y)
were in the normal range. There was quantitative inadequacy of protein in their diets as the average
daily protein intake met 72% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of protein. The diets were also
poor in protein quality as the limiting amino acid lysine was only 55% of the recommended level. The
analysis of the meals viz. breakfast, lunch and dinner of their diets revealed that the protein digestibility
was the lowest for the breakfast (68.14 to 69.92%) followed by dinner (70.64 to 74.74%). The highest
digestibility was for lunch (79.06 to 85.5%). The Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score
(PDCAAS) values in the range of 0.30 to 0.48 for breakfast, 0.36 to 0.58 for lunch and 0.32 to 0.50 for
dinner depicted poor protein quality of their diets. The daily calcium intake was only 50% of the
recommended level. The daily intake of Vitamin D3 was negligible. The serum vitamin D levels were
very low (10.22 ng/ml). The inadequate serum vitamin D levels were in 94.16% of the subjects.
Osteopenia with low bone mineral density was diagnosed in 47.5% of the subjects. Supplementation of
milk and its products in amounts to fill the gap of dietary intake and adequacy of protein as well as
limiting amino acid lysine in their diets for a period of 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in
body fat (6.62%) and visceral fat rating (9.47%) and a significant increase in skeletal muscle mass
(3.98%) and bone mass (2.72%). Supplementation of eggs to meet the dietary adequacy of protein and
lysine for 12 weeks significantly reduced the body fat by 8.47% and visceral fat rating by 7.93% and
significantly improved the skeletal muscle mass by 5.58% and bone mass by 3.59%. Medicinal
supplementation of lysine @ 250mg thrice a day and 343 mg of calcium twice a day to fill the gap of
intake and adequacy for 12 weeks improved body composition by significantly reducing body fat by
7.37% and improving skeletal muscle mass by 5.31% and bone mass by 3.89%. Additional weekly
supplementation of Vitamin D (60,000 IU) to three supplementation groups significantly (p 0.01)
increased their serum vitamin D levels. Bone mineral density increased significantly (p 0.01) in
medicinal supplementation group. The study recommends that improving the quality of diets through
dietary or medicinal supplementation of lysine, calcium and vitamin D is an effective approach to
achieve optimum body composition.
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Citation
Aggarwal, R. (2020). Impact of lysine, calcium and vitamin D supplementation for improved muscle mass and bone health of young adult women (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation). Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.