A STUDY ON ENDOSULFAN RESIDUES IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
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Date
2010-07
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Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P
Abstract
ABSTRACT :
A study was carried out on Endosulfan pesticide residues in milk
and milk products obtained from four different production systems
existing in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The study area was
selected based on a Stratified Random Sampling Technique. The study
group comprises 4 mandals x 5 villages x 5 farmers = 100 farmers sample
size. Farmers selected were representing the production systems under
study and the information was collected using pretested questionnaire by
personal interview and observation. The information about cropping
pattern, reasons for the usage pattern of Endosulfan, economic advantage,
feeding pattern and animal husbandry status was derived by using the
questionnaire and personal interview.
24 milk samples (4x6, RBD) and 40 (4x10, RBD) milk product
samples of four varieties and another 36 (6x6, RBD) Endoslulfan fortified
milk samples were analysed for the residues of Endosulfan by Gas
Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector system using
multiresidue method. Apart from that 24 (4x6, RBD) milk samples were
analysed for their chemical composition with Lactan-1-4 equipment. The
milk samples were collected from small holders production system,
organized dairy farms, cooperative societies and commercial dairy plants
and collection system. The samples were collected at two months interval
over a period of one year and analyzed for Endosulfan residues. 10
samples each of paneer, ghee, curd and doodh peda (4x10, RBD) were
analysed for the residues of Endosulfan.
24 pooled milk samples (4x6, RBD) were collected and fortified
with Endosulfan 35% EC at the rate of 0.04mg per kg level for heat
treatments namely Thermization, Pasteurization, Boiling and
Sterilization. Besides 6 positive control samples 6 negative control
samples were also analysed for Endosulfan residues.
The cattle population in the mandals studied ranged from 8652 to
15953 contributing 0.78 and 1.4 per cent of district population and
buffalo population ranged from 419 to 10206 and the per cent
contribution to the district was 0.31 and 7.5 respectively. The cattle and
buffalo population in the Chittoor district was 1104349 and 134759
respectively. All the four production systems were functioning in the
district .There were 54 bulk milk cooling units and 28 private dairy plants
existing in the district.
Among the food crops, paddy was cultivated to the highest extent.
The total area under paddy cultivation in the study mandals ranged from
2.9 to 42.2 per cent while in the Chittoor district it was 5.0 to 35.3 per
cent. Among fruits, vegetables and pulses, sugarcane and mango were
cultivated to a considerable extent. The per cent area cultivation of
sugarcane in the study mandals ranged from 4.2 to 19.7 and in the
Chittoor district it was 9.8 to 20.6 per cent. The per cent area cultivation
of mango in the mandals studied and in the Chittoor district ranged from
2.0 to 19.2 and 0.2 to 17.
Among non-food crops, groundnut was predominating in the
mandals studied and in the Chittoor district. The per cent area under
groundnut cultivation in the mandals studied ranged from 38.1 to 66.1
and in Chittoor district it ranged from 19.6 to 48.0.
Endosulfan was sprayed in all the food as well as non food crops to
control pests and to increase crop yields. The economic advantage
derived by using Endosulfan was ranging from 25 to 100 per cent. 76 to
88 per cent of the respondent farmers in the study were spraying
Endosulfan at the rate of 300 ml or 140 gai per acre and most of the
farmers were spraying two times (88-92 per cent).
All the farmers in the study area were feeding crop residues,
concentrates, green fodder and also allowing the animals for grazing.
60-72 per cent of the farmers were maintaining upto 3 dairy animals
mostly crossbred cows and 68-80 per cent were possessing less than 2
hectares of land.72-80 per cent of the farmers were producing upto 30
litres of milk per day and 88-92 per cent were disposing milk to
collection centres of cooperative societies and private dairy plants.
The chemical constituents were significantly (P<0.01) different
among different production systems. The mean fat per cent of milk from
the four production systems ranged from 4.088±0.0457 (small holder
production system) to 4.44±0.0642 (commercial dairy plants and
collection system). The mean solids not fat (SNF) per cent of milk from
the four production systems ranged from 7.62±0.159 (small holder
production system) to 7.948±0.0392 (organized dairy farms).The mean
protein per cent of the milk analysed from different production systems
ranged from 2.88±0.0044 (small holders production system) to
2.98±0.0122 per cent (organized dairy farms).The density as indicated by
mean lactometer reading of milk obtained from four production systems
ranged from 25.38±0.0450 (commercial dairy plants and collection
system) to 26.743±0.0071 (organized dairy farms).The mean freezing
point in the present study ranged from -0.495 ± 0.94 (cooperative
societies) to -0.529 ± 0.94 (small holder production system) The mean
added water per cent in the present study ranged from 5.0±0.683
(organized dairy farms) to 9.0±0.258 (small holder production system)
The results on the study of pesticide residues in milk and milk
products showed that there was no contamination with Endosulfan. The
level of Endosulfan was Below Detectable Limits (BDL) of less than
0.0003 ppm in comparison to MRLs for Endosulfan, it was 0.004 ppm on
milk basis and 0.1ppm on 4% fat basis.
The mean quantity recovery of Endosulfan from milk samples
subjected for Thermization, Pasteurization, Boiling and Sterilization were
0.0043±0.00004, 0.0038±0.00004, 0.0025±0.00004 and 0.0023±0.00004
respectively. While the recovery from positive and negative controls
were 0.0330±0.00007 and Nil, respectively and the percent recovery was
10.90±0.096, 9.62±0.096, 6.25±0.134 and 5.84±0.094, respectively where
as in the positive control it was 82.5±1.82. No traces of Endosulfan were
found in the negative control.
Among the different methods of heat treatment, sterilization was
the most effective followed by boiling and pasteurization. The least
effective method was thermization. There was a significant (P<0.01)
variation observed for the mean quantity recovery and per cent recovery
of Endosulfan residues among different heat treatment methods under
evaluation.