Evaluation of protective effect of Erythrina variegata and Spondias pinnata in cadmium intoxicated rats and their antiviral activity against PPR and CSF virus in cell lines
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Date
2014-07
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to evaluate ameliorative efficacy of the bark powder of E. variegata (EVBP) and Spondias pinnata (SPBP) against cadmium chloride induced toxic effects in a 90 days trial in rats. Hydroethanolic bark extract of E. variegata (EVBE) and S. pinnata (SPBE) were also evaluated for their antiviral activity against PPR and CSF viruses using vero and PK-15 cell lines and effects on smooth muscle activities of isolated rat ileum during the investigation. Forty two, six month old, albino wistar rats, weighing 170-200gm, were randomly and equally divided into seven groups. For 90 days trial, group I served as control. Groups II, III, IV, V, VI and VII were given cadmium chloride @100mg/L of drinking water. Group II served as negative control. Simultaneous treatment was given as silymarin@100mg/kg bwt in group III and EVBP and SPBP @ 1 and 2% in groups IV, V, VI and VII, respectively, in feed for 90 days. No clinical sign was observed except curved spine or lordosis in Cd treated group II. Haemato-biochemical and antioxidant parameters were examined at day 0, 30, 60 and 90 whereas LST and histopathological examination after 90 days. There was a significant (P<0.05) decline in haematological and immunological parameters Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC and LST in Cd treated groups whereas a significant elevation in these parameters was observed in treatment groups as compared to Cd treated group II. A significant increase in biochemical parameters AST, ALT, ALP: G ratio, BUN and creatinine, and reduction in total proteins, albumin and globulin were observed in Cd intoxicated rats after 90 days. SPBP, EVBP and silymarin treated groups showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in these biochemical parameters as compared to Cd-treated rats. Cd also significantly (P<0.05) suppressed antioxidant enzymes in comparison to control. SPBP and EVBP significantly ameliorated haematobiochemical, antioxidant and immunological parameters, however, did not reverse AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatinine, LPO, CAT, SOD and GST up to control level. The histopathological changes were characterized by haemorrhage, moderate to severe swelling of interstitial tissue and glomeruli along with coagulative necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in kidneys; severe congestion of central vein, large blood vessel with vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes; severe congestion of alveolar capillaries and presence of mononuclear cells throughout the parenchyma of lungs; congestion and haemorrhage in heart and degeneration of cardiac muscles; and severe congestion of the blood vessel and moderate degeneration of neurons in brain. Histopathological changes were severe in Cd treated group while mild to moderate changes were found in EVBP and SPBP treatment groups. On electron microscopy, ultra structure of the renal cells showing disappearance of nucleolus, pyknosis and marginalisation of chromatin material at the periphery of the nucleus were evident in the Cd treated group II. Ultra structure details of hepatocyte were represented through vacuolation, marginalisation of chromatin material. A significant (P<0.05) elevation in the Cd residue was highest in kidney followed by liver and bones. EVBP and SPBP reduced residue level in liver and kidney but did not reveal any effect on bones. EVBE and SPBE did not reveal antiviral activity against PPR and CSF viruses in Vero and PK-15 cell lines. EVBE was found to have dose dependent spasmolytic activity on isolated ileum. It is concluded from this study that EVBP and SPBP @1 and 2 % in feed ameliorated the cadmium chloride, given @ 100 ppm in drinking water, induced haemotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, oxidative stress and immunosuppression following simultaneous administration for 90 days in rats. EVBE produced spasmolytic effect on isolated rat ileum However; antiviral activity against PPR and CSF viruses was not evident on in vitro studies in Vero and PK-15 cell lines
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Thesis-PhD
Keywords
Erythrina variegate, Spondias pinnata, toxicology, cadmium, antiviral agents, rats, Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus, cell lines, viral diseases, Classical swine fever virus