Determination of Biological Activities and Phytochemical Characterization of Selected Bryophytes
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Date
2015-08
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
The use of antibiotics is one of the most common means of treatment of diseases.
However, prolonged use of drugs slowly develops resistance in microbial pathogens.
Therefore, alternate methods of disease control needs to be searched upon. Different plant
groups have been reported to possess antimicrobial efficacy against number of plant and
human pathogens. Very little attention is given to lower plants like bryophytes though they
are known to possess unique chemoprofile. Therefore, here an effort was made to determine
the biological activity of acetone and ethanol/methanol (80%) extracts of 14 bryophyte
species viz. Asterella wallichiana, Conocephalum conicum, Marchantia palmata, Reboulia
hemispherica, Pellia endiviifolia, Conocephalum conicum, Leucodon secundus,
Rhynchostegium vagans, Atrichum undulatum, Thuidium cymbifolium, Anoectangium
thomsonii, and Campylopus gracilis against plethora of bacteria and fungi. Extraction of the
plant was done by both cold extraction and soxhlet extraction. The yield was better when both
the extraction procedures were used simultaneously. Both acetone and alcoholic extracts of
tested plants showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity against all the six bacteria viz.,
Escherchia coli, Bacillus cereus, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. Out of six tested bacteria, S. aureus was
found as the most sensitive bacteria followed by E. coli and S. enterica.
Among all the tested fungi, Aspergillus flavus was found to be most sensitive
followed by A. parasiticus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Colletotrichum
falcatum. Methanolic extract of C. conicum collected from Dwarahat showed minimum MIC
(125μg/ml) and MFC (250μg/ml) against F. oxysporum. Further, green house experiments
confirmed the potential of C. conicum as an efficient biocontrol agent to control fusarial wilt
disease in tomato. SEM studies also helped in confirmation of biocontrol potential of C.
conicum to control both A. flavus and A.parasiticus as evident from the structural anomalies
in hyphae and conidia. Biochemical profiling of potent extracts revealed that methanolic
extract of C. conicum showed highest antioxidant activity extract determined as percent
DPPH radical scavenging activity (90.17±1.63%) with lowest IC50 (1.62±0.86μg/mL). The
highest total phenolic content was observed in methanolic extract of C. conicum collected
from Dwarahat (263±5.495 mg GAE/g) followed by the methanolic extract of C. conicum
from Mukteshawar (247.66±1.3295mg GAE/g). The total flavonoid content (mg quercetin/g)
was also highest in methanolic extract of C. conicum from Dwarahat (96.86±0.92) followed
by the methanolic extract of C. conicum from Mukteshawar (92.05±0.25 mg GAE/g). GC-MS
analysis clearly showed presence of bis(bibenjzyl derivatives), Riccardin C, steroids,
flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids (Ledol, Spathulenol, Isochepan B),saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids in higher amounts in the active extracts. The acetone extract of C. conicum was
reported to have 50 % Riccardin C, a powerful antifungal agent. The presence of novel
bioactive compounds in bryophytes helped in validation of their use in ethno pharmacology. It
also emphasized upon their potential role in plant and animal health management.
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Keywords
bryophytes, biological activity, phytochemistry, characterization, antibacterial properties, inhibition