EXPLORATION OF CYTOKINE PROFILES FOR PREDICTION OF SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY AND LACTATION AND MANIPULATION OF CYTOKINE LEVEL USING CERTAIN STIMULANT IN CROSS BRED COWS OF ASSAM
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Date
2017-07
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Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the cytokine profile of crossbred cattle of Assam for the prediction of successful pregnancy and lactation and to manipulate the level of cytokine by using certain cytokine stimulants/ regulators/plant leaves. Selected animals was divided into five groups keeping six in each in accordance with the feeding of different cytokine stimulator/regulator. All cows included for the experiment was in similar managemental practices and were offered same type of ration throughout the study. Group I was control without any treatment. Group II was treated with neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) at the rate of 3gm per kg body weight, Group III was fed with bogori leaves (Zizyphus mauritiana) at the rate of 300 mg per kg body weight orally. Group IV and group V were fed Restobal, a herbal immunomodulator at the dose rate of 50 ml orally and bamboo leaves (Bambusa bambos) at the rate of 3gm per kg body weight daily from the last three months of pregnancy to three months after parturition. Inflammatory indices, liver specific biomarkers, energy metabolism indices, protein metabolism index, oxidative stress response, different serum minerals etc. and different hematological parameters were estimated. Estimation of different cytokine profiles was carried out namely TNF-α, IL-1β. IL-6, IL-10 in serum. And record of daily milk yield and growth performance of calves with different cytokine stimulator/regulator/plant leaves. A non significant rise in the level of RBC count was seen in group IV (Restobal treated) in the late gestation than that of the control group. All the groups showed a similar trend of increase in RBC count till late gestation and then a decline on the day of calving and thereafter. Overall mean showed that there was a higher level of haemoglobin in group II followed by group IV, group III and II. All the groups showed an apparent rise in the level of haemoglobin than that of control group. Overall mean of WBC count in Group II and III were found to be higher than that of the control group but the increase was not significant. No significant difference was observed between the control and treated groups. A higher level of protein was found in group II and group V as compared to the control group which was non significant. A significantly higher (P < 0.0001) level of protein was recorded 30 days after parturition than that of the day of calving. Group II (Neem fed) and group IV (Restobal treated) had a significantly higher (P <0.001) level of globulin as compared to that of the control group. A non significant reduction in the level of creatinine in group IV after parturition . Almost all the groups showed a higher level of albumin during the late gestation which showed a slight decline around calving and on the day of calving and then there was gradual increase in the level of albumin after around one month post parturition. Lower level of total bilirubin was recorded in the experimental groups as compared to the control group. The pre partum values of the paraoxonase enzyme was found to be higher than the level at calving and at postpartum .No significant difference in the overall mean between the experimental groups and that of the control group was recorded. The experimental groups showed a higher level of GGT enzyme activity upto the day of calving and then thereafter showed a reduced level at postpartum . There was a non significant decrease in the level of ALP in the experimental groups as compared to that of the control group. Significant difference (P<0.01) was found in between group I and III and in between group I and V. (P<0.05).The groups showed a higher level of SGOT at parturition which declined after calving. There was non significant decrease in the level of SGOT in the neem treated group.Lower level of NEFA was found in group III and IV as compared to the control group. The groups showed a higher level of NEFA during early lactation. Group I, II and III showed a lower level of beta hydroxyl butyric acid as compared to the control group. However, an increase in the level of BHBA was recorded in group V than that of the control group. Group II (neem leaves fed) and III (Bogori leaves fed) showed a higher level of SOD as compared to the control group. Antioxidant enzyme activity was found to be higher at prepartum, then showed a reduction in the level at calving and thereafter there was gradual increase in the activity of enzyme at early lactation. Enhanced antioxidant activity was observed in the treated groups as compared to the control group. Dietary Neem leaf meal did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the calcium, sodium and potassium levels but significantly (P<0.05) decreased the phosphate level while significantly (P<0.05) and steadily, increasing the chloride level as its level increased. Group II that was fed with neem leaves showed a high preparum level of TNF -α and the peak level (1248.33±226.53 pg/ml) on the day of parturition. The increased level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) might be due to the cytokine and immune system stimulating property of neem plants. Significantly lower level of IL-6 was recorded in group III (Bogori leaves fed) and group V (bamboo leaves fed) than that of control. IL-6 level increased non significantly in the Restobal treated and Neem treated group. The level of IL-10 showed an increased level up to the day calving and then a decline was recorded approximately 15 days after calving. Significantly higher level of IL- 1β was recorded in group II (neem treated) (P<0.001) and in group V (P<0.01) than that of the control group. The level of (IL-1β) showed a high level during the advanced stage of pregnancy.Overall mean level of milk yield (litres) was found to be 9.25± 0.115 in group 1, 9.7 ± 0.137 in group II, 9.3±0.139 in group III, 9.6± 0.133 and 8.63±0.085 in group IV and V respectively.All the experimental animals differed significantly from that of the control group, except group IV .The highest average milk yield was recorded in group II (neem fed ) followed by group IV (Restobal treated) and then group III (Bogori leaves ). A lower level of milk yield was found in group V (bamboo leaves fed). The highest body weight was recorded in group IV ( Restobal treated ) followed by group II (neem fed) and then group III and V. supplementation of neem leaves , Restobal, Bogori leaves has a positive effect on the performance of the animals. The cytokine regulators/plant leaves used in the study can be given to the animals during pregnancy which might play an important role in enhancing immunity, maintenance of pregnancy and a successful lactation period.