INFLUENCE OF COCONUT OIL AND SUNFLOWER OIL ON PLASMA AND LIVER LIPID PROFILE AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
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Date
1997
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COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR
Abstract
The role of dietary factors in the genesis and
development of atherosclerosis has been associated wich
elevated serum cholesterol levels, both in man and animals.
Coconut oil has been a dietary component for Keralites from
time immemmorial . There are several reports implicating
coconut oil (a saturated fat) as one of the major factors
involved in the production of increased blood cholesterol
level leading to the increased incidence of cardio vascular
disease (CVD) in human beings and animals. No systematic
investigation has been carried out so far to study how
increasing unsaturation of the oil affects lipid metabolism in
warding off atherosclerosis. In addition to the chain length
of fatty acids their relative position in the triglyceride
molecule appears to affect their potency for atherogenicity.
Gingelley oil is commonly used as one of the energy source in
poultry feed and sunflower oil is also gaining popularity now
a days, since many reports indicated that feeding of
unsaturated fat decreased the cholesterol content in the oodv
Hence it was thought worthwhile to study the influence cT
these three oils on the levels of total lipid, triglyceride,
total cholesterol and phospholipid in plasma and liver, the
concentration of HDL-cholesterol and (VLDL+LDL)-cholesteroJ m
plasma, weight of the liver and the level of total lipid and
total cholesterol in egg yolk. The production performance
under these dietary oils was also assessed in Japanese qua;' Is
by recording the egg production, egg weight and egg mass, feed
consumption, body weight and feed efficiency.
A total number of 72 (36 males and 36 females), four-week
old Japanese quails of the same strain (egg type) and hatch
were procured from the Kerala Agricultural University Poultry
Farm, Mannuthy and divided into three main groups (12 males
and 12 females in each main group viz. GI, Gil, GUI) and then
subdivided to 12 males and 12 females as M-I, M-II and M-III
(males) and F-I, F-II and F-III (females) . The birds were
provided grower ration upto sixth week of age and then adult
ration, from the sixth to the 10th week of age in males and
16th week of age in females. The standard ration was
incorporated with the different dietary oils at 2 per cent
level viz. GI (MI and F-I) with gingelley oil, GII (Mil and
F-II) with coconut oil and GUI (Mill and F-III) with
sunflower oil. Feed consumption, egg production and egg
weight were recorded daily and body weight recorded weekly.
The eggs from the three groups (F-I, F-II and F-III) were
collected on the last day of 14th, 15th and 16th week of age,
weighed and stored at 4°C for biochemical analyses. The male
birds were sacrificed at the 10th week of age and females at
the 16th week of age. The weight of the liver noted and
plasma and liver stored at -20°C for analyses.
Total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol ,
HDL-cholesterol (VLDL+LDL)-cholesterol and phospholipid in
plasma of male and female Japanese quails were not
significantly different among the groups, since the normal
level (2%) of oils used in the present study was not able to
exert any significant influence on the lipid metabolism in
quails.
The total lipid content in the liver in male quails was
not significantly different among the groups. In the female
quails the total lipid content in liver of gingelley oil fed
group (F-I) was significantly higher than that of coconut oil
fed (F-II) and sunflower oil fed (F-III) groups. Lower
triglyceride lipase activity in coconut oil and sunflower oil
fed groups, which causes decreased break down of triglyceride
in adipose tissue and lower transportation of fatty acids to
liver may be the reason for the lower total lipid content in
liver in these two groups. Irrespective of sex the
triglyceride and total cholesterol content in liver were not
significantly different among the groups.
The liver phospholipid content in male quails of
gingelley oil fed group (MI) was significantly higher than
that of sunflower oil fed group (Mill) . Sunflower ocj
(unsaturated fatty acids) causes enhanced faecal excretion of
free fatty acids.
The total lipid, triglyceride, (VLDL+LDL)-cholesterol and
phospholipid in plasma were significantly higher in adult
female quails compared to males in all the groups. In the
laying bird lipids are synthesised in the liver and
transported to the ovary in the form of lipoproteins . This is
the reason for higher total lipid, triglyceride and
phospholipid in plasma of laying hen (VLDL + LDL)- cholesterol
content was also higher in the female quails since they are
the transport form of cholesterol from liver to the ovary.
The total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were higher in
male quails compared to females, since the cholesterol is not
eliminated through the egg yolk and are mainly found along
with the HDL fraction in males unlike females. The total
lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol content in liver of
female quails were significantly higher than that of male
quails. There was higher lipid synthesis in the liver of
female quails under the influence of oestrogen. There was no
significant difference in the liver phospholipid content
between male and female quails.
No significant difference in the weight of the liver
among the groups in both male and female Japanese quails could
be noticed. However, weight of the liver in females was
® fi^sntly higher than the males in each group.
There was no significant difference in the total lipid
and total cholesterol content in egg yolk among the groups, at
the 14th, 15th and 16th week of age. This was because the
total lipid and total cholesterol content in the egg yolk has
to be maintained at a constant level in order to create a
favourable environment for the development of the embryo.
Female quails attained sexual maturity earlier at the end
f fifth week (38 to 41 days of age). Egg production started
the 38th day in groups F-II and F-III while it was on the
41st day in group F-I. The egg production was lower in
gingelley oil fed group (F-I) than coconut oil fed group
(F-II) may be due to lower mineral absorption in gingelley oil
fed group. The egg weight was higher in sunflower oil fed
group (F-III) than coconut oil fed group (F-II) since
sunflower oil in the diet causes higher protein retention.
The egg mass was not significantly different among the groups.
However, the egg weight and egg mass significantly increased
with age.
There was no significant difference in feed intake among
the groups in both male and female Japanese quails as tiie
caloric value of the feeds were the same. Female quails had
higher feed intake than males due to their higher growth rat:e.
The body weight of the male quails was not significantly
among the groups. The body weight in gingelley oil
fed group was the lowest among the female quails during most
part of the experimental period, since there is lower
mineralisation of bones in that group. The body weight of
female quails in the three groups was significantly higher
than that of males.
Feed efficiency was not different among the groups in
male Japanese quails. Among the female Japanese quails
coconut oil (F-II) and sunflower oil (F-III) fed groups had
better feed efficiency than gingelley oil fed group (F-I),
lower rate of absorption of minerals in gingelley oil fed
group (F-I) may the reason for the lowest feed efficiency anu
body weight.
In order to arrive at a conclusion as to which of the
particular oil is ideal for health and for better production
performance in Japanese quails, higher levels of oils are to
be incorporated and a more detailed study is required.
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