A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EPIDURAL ROPIVACAINE ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH DEXMEDETOMIDINE OR FENTANYL CITRATE IN GOATS
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Date
2015
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Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Abstract
The present research work was undertaken to evaluate and compare the
epidural ropivacaine alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine or fentanyl on
clinico-physiological , haemodynamics, electrocardiographic , anaesthetic and
haematobiochemical profiles in female black Bengal goats.
A total of 15 clinically healthy goats of 1-3 years aged and weighing between 10-
15 kg were used for the present experiment. All the animals were randomly divided into
three groups of five animals each. Ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 1 mg/kgbwt was epidurally
administered in the lumbosacral space in group I whereas, the animals of group II and
III were given dexmedetomidine @ 2 μg/kgbwt and fentanyl @ @ 2 μg/kgbwt,
respectively in combination with ropivacaine hydrochloride (1 mg/kgbwt). The values
recorded in the animals of group ll exhibited significant fall at different intervals of
observation as compared to the base line values. Animals of group lll exhibited
significant increase at 120 and 240 mins of observation as compare to the base line
values, whereas, animals of group l revealed a non significant change at different
intervals of observation.
The values of respiration rate recorded in group l and ll also showed a nonsignificant
fall at different intervals of observation following administration of epidural
anaesthetics. The value recorded at 90 and 120 mins of observation in group ll
exhibited marked significant fall as compared to group lll and l at respective intervals.
A non-significant decrease in the heart rate was noticed at different intervals of
observation in the animals of group l and lll after administration of epidural anaesthetics
.The value recorded in group ll exhibited significantly lower at 90 mins onwards
observation as compared to base line values. However these values were returned
towards normalcy by end of observation.
All most similar trend of variation in systolic arterial pressure just like heart rate
has also been observed in systolic and diastolic arterial pressure. Systolic arterial
pressure was non-significantly variable at different interval of observation in group l.
whereas, the systolic arterial pressure showed a significant fall at 30 to 120 mins of
observation in group ll. The animal of group lll also observed the similar trend of
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variations but the value of observation at 120 min showed significant decrease as
compared to the base line values.
The animal of group l did not found a definitive trend of variation in diastolic
arterial pressure, hence the value recorded at different intervals were non- significantly
varied (P>0.05). In compare to this, the animal of group ll showed a non significant
decrease at 30, 60 and120, min of observation.DAP in group lll exhibited progressive
non-significant fall at different interval of observation.
MAP was also found to be decreased after epidural administration in all the
groups, however the value recorded at different interval of observation in group l and lll
did not show definitive trend of variation. Map in group ll measured as significant
decrease at 30 to 120 mins of observation, whereas, the value was significantly lower
(P<0.05) at 120 min of observation in group lll as compared to the base line value.
All the groups recorded with normal sinus rhythm before medication. After
epidural administration, all the groups exhibited slight changes with increase in RR
intervals, Q.Tintervals and width of QRS during electrocardiographic monitoring. Group
II showed marked increase in RR intervals QT intervals and width of QRS as compared
to group I and III.
Ropivacaine, ropivacaine- dexmedetomidine and ropivacaine – fentanyl treated
groups produced complete analgesia of thigh, stifle joint, tail, perineum and anal region
up to 120 min of observation in all the groups. However, the moderate analgesia was
persist on these area only in group II as compared to mild analgesia observed in group I
and III on 240 min of observation. Mild to moderate analgesia was noticed in upper
abdomen (cranial to umbilicus), posterior abdomen (caudal to umbilicus) and pedal
reflex. However, the extent of analgesia was much more in group II followed by group I
and III.
Ataxia was observed in the all the groups after epidural administration of
anaesthetic agents at lumbosacral space. Sedation was noticed in all the groups up to
120 min of observation, however a sedation was much more in group II as compared to
group l and lll
Onset of analgesia was early in group II as compared to group I and III and it
persisted for a longer duration of time in group II followed by group III and I. The
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analgesic combination of ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine treated group (group II) had a
significantly marked effect on duration of analgesia and standing time as compared to
group I and III, whereas, group I and III did not differ significantly in terms of duration of
analgesia and standing time to each other. The recumbency time observed in all the
groups was non-significantly variables.
Frequent and scanty urination was the consistent finding in the groups after
epidural administration of drugs. Defecation was not reported in any of the animals.
The animals of group l, ll and lll did not show marked alterations in the values of
haematological parameter Viz Hb, PCV, TEC, DLC and TLC. Post injection values of
Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC did not differ significantly (P>0.05) at any interval and with base
line and ranged within normal physiological limit. Hb showed non-significant variation
between and within the groups. PCV was found to be non-significantly decrease post
injection in all the groups, however these value return near to base line value by 24 hrs
of observation.
A consistent and significant increase in neutrophil noticed up to 24 hrs of
observation in group ll where as up to 4 hrs of observation in group l and lll with
comparison to the base line value.The value recorded at 4 hrs of intervals was
significantly higher (P<0.05) in group lll as compared to the base line values. All the
groups didn’t differ significantly at respective intervals of observation between the
groups. Relative changes with respect to neutrophils in lymphocytes were constantly
observed at different interval of observation after administration of epidural
anaesthetics. A significant decrease was noticed in group I at 1 and 4 hrs of intervals as
compared to the base line. While, the base value was significantly higher as compared
to the value observed from 2 hr onwards till the end of observation. In group-III, the
value recorded at 4 hrs of intervals revealed significant fall as compared to base value.
The value of monocytes observed in all the groups were non-significantly decrease up
to 4 hrs post injection. Eosinophils exhibited opposite change of variation as compared
to changes observed in monocytes.
Consistent increase in the value of blood glucose have been recorded following
administration of epidural anaesthetics agent in all the groups. The value measured at 1
hr in group l and 2hrs in group III was significantly elevated (P<0.05) as compared to the
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base line value. In the animal of group ll the value recorded at different intervals
particularly at 1, 2 and 4 hrs of intervals were highly significant as compared to the base
line values. However these value return toward normalcy by the end of observation .
The value recorded in group ll at 1 and 4 hrs of intervals was highly significant as
compare to the group l and lll at respective intervals.
AST, ALT and Alkaline phosphatase recorded in group II (ropivacaine -
dexmedetomidine) were significantly elevated, whereas, these parameters showed nonsignificant
elevation in group I and III at different intervals of observation as compared to
base value. However, these changes were with normal physiological limits. BUN and
creatinine levels after epidural in all the groups revealed non- significant elevations,
whereas total protein exhibited non –significant increase in group II and non-significant
decrease in group I and III.
CONCLUSION
1. Rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate was significantly decreased
(P<0.05) in ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine group (group II), whereas these
values exhibited non- significantly fall (P>0.05) in group I and III.
2. Haemodynamic parameters viz. SAP, DAP and MAP revealed non- significant
alterations in group I and III whereas , group II showed significant decrease
(P<0.05) in SAP and MAP at different intervals of observations.
3. Electrocardiogram revealed bradycardia in group II with prolongation of RR
intervals, QT intervals and Width of QRS complex, whereas, in group I and III
these changes was variables which of little significance. Arrhythmia was
observed in group III (ropivacaine- fentanyl) at variable intervals of observation.
4. A significant hyperglycemia was recorded at 1 hr in group I and 2 hrs in group III
and 1, 2, & 4 hrs in group II as compared to base value. The hyperglycemia was
more marked in group II. However, changes in these values were reversible and
returned towards normalcy by the end of observation.
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5. Haematobiochemical parameters (Hb, PCV, TLC, TEC, DLC, BUN, creatinine,
ALT, AST and total protein) showed non – significant alterations at different
intervals of observation in group I and III. The animal of group II showed transient
changes in the haemato-biochemical parameters but the value of ALT and AST
was significantly higher as compared to base value.
6. Ropivacaine, ropivacaine- dexmedetomidine and ropivacaine – fentanyl
produced complete analgesia of thigh, stifle joint, tail, perineum and anal region
up to 120 min of observation in all the groups. However, the moderate analgesia
was persist on these area only in group II as compared to mild analgesia
observed in group I and III on 240 min of observation. Mild to moderate analgesia
was noticed in upper abdomen (cranial to umbilicus), posterior abdomen (caudal
to umbilicus) and pedal reflex in all the groups. However, the extent of analgesia
was much more in group II followed by group I and III.
7. Ropivacaine with dexmedetomidine produces significantly longer duration of
analgesia, time of standing as compared to ropivacaine and ropivacaine fentanyl
group,whereas onset of analgesia and time of recumbency did not show any
significant variation among the groups. But it was faster in group II followed by
group I and III.
8. On the basis of present findings, it is concluded that ropivacaine alone and
incombination of dexmedetomidine or fentanyl produces longer duration of
analgesia in the different part of the hindquarter with little variations in different
clinical, haemodynamics and haematobiochemical parameters as well as
produces less untowards reaction. However, ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine
produces early onset, profound longer duration of analgesia by blocking of motor
and sensory nerves. Hence, dexmedetomidine is considered as suitable
combination with ropivacaine over fentanyl in small ruminants for achieving
longer duration of analgesia with cardiovascular stability and least side effects.
Description
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EPIDURAL ROPIVACAINE ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH DEXMEDETOMIDINE OR FENTANYL CITRATE IN GOATS
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