COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF FASCIOLA GIGANTICA AND GIGANT0C0TYLE EXPLANATUM INFESTATION IN BUFFALOES
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Date
1992
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AAU, Anand
Abstract
Present studies were carried out to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Agar-gel diffusion test, Counter-current Immunoelectrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis and Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis as well as to know the antegenic fractions of Fasciola gigantica and Gigantocotyle explanatum. These four immunodiagnostic tests were also employed to know the cross-re activity between these two flukes and showed that they share common antigenic fractions. Compared to agar gel diffusion test and Immunoelectrophoresis, Counter-current Immunoelectrophoresis can be considered to be better, highly sensitive and it is also precise, as such it can be used as an alternative test for immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis and biliary amphistomiasis. It is also a rapid technique and can clearly detect active infection. However, Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis technique seems to be superior, highly sensitive as well as precise compared to above three mentioned immunodiagnostioc tests as it produced better separation and resolution, thus it can be useful In investigating even minor antigenic differences between strains as the hosts are exposed to the antigenic stimuli repeatedly over long period. Crossed Inmunoelectrophoresis test is performed in two dimensions which has a better resolution as compared to conventional electrophoresis. Histopathological aspects Gross and histopathological characteristic findings in F.gigantica infestation was mainly confined to the liver and then to the bile duct area. The predomination pathological gross lesions were confined to the liver which was enlarged, haemorrhagic, highly congested and had wide-spread greyish creamy deposits on its surface. The bile ducts were very much thickened and distended. Compared to this , in case of (G.explanatum infestation, gross lesions were pertaining to bile duct and nearly liver tissue including portal triad . The affected part of the liver and bile duct appeared pale, enlarged and farm in consistency. Microscopically, there were large numbers of multiple haemorrhagic tracts made up of erythrocytes and degenerating hepatic cells with polymorphs, eosinophils and mononuclear cells in F.gigantica infestation. Migratory tracts accompanied with necrosis and infiltration of white cells were more in evidence with lesions of early fibrosis. Marked pericellular fibrosis revealed around single hepatocytes or groups of hepatocytes and monolobular fibrosis comprised of strands of fibrous tissue connecting the portal canals, thus outlining the hepatic lobules. Perilobular fibrosis with mononuclear cell infiltration was observed and as the Infestation process continued, due to this extensive fibrosis, a substantial part of liver parenchyma was replaced by connective tissue. Predominant lesions in infested livers were pyknotic nuclei at places in hepatic cells with vacuolation, coagulative necrosis, atrophy and degenerative changes. The normal architecture of hepatic cord was distorted with swollen hepatic cells and constricted sinusoids. While in G.explanatum infested liver, histopathological changes were mostly confined to the viscinity of the bile duct, showed extensive proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in the portal areas with mononuclear cell infiltrations , atrophy of liver lobules, individualization of hepatic cells with degenaration and proliferation of Von-Kupffer's cells . F.gigantica infested bile ducts showed hyperplastic cholangitis, denudation of bile duct epithelium and inflammatory reaction with numerous eosinophils and mononuclear cells infiltration resulted into fibrosis of bile duct as well as chronic entity revealed hyperplastic changes with variable increase in the periductular connective tissue while in G.explanatum infestation, infested bile ducts showed marked proliferation of mucosal glands with hyperplastic changes in the mucosal epithelium, desquamation of bile duct epithelium with cellular infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells . The portal triad with marked distortion of lobular architecture of liver and lumen of bile ducts having G.explanatum with pink exudate and degenerating neutrophils. Fibroblastic proliferation was also observed in the bile ducts indicating chronicity.
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VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY, A STUDY