IMPACT OF CROP ESTABLISHMENT METHOD, NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AND STUBBLE HEIGHT OF HYBRID RICE ON RICE – LENTIL CROPPING SEQUENCE
Loading...
Date
2023-12-22
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia – 741252
Abstract
A 2-year study on “Impact of crop establishment methods, nutrient
management and stubble height of hybrid rice on rice-lentil cropping sequence” was
undertaken at RRSS, BCKV, Chakdaha in kharif and rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-
22. The experimental soil was sandy clay loam in texture with neutral pH (7.1, 7.2),
medium OC (0.680 and 0.681%), low available N (261.5 and 263.7 kg ha-1) and medium
available P2O5 (16.30 and 17.20 kg ha-1) and medium available K2O (130.0 and 134.0 kg
ha-1). The field layout plan was done as per strip-strip plot design with 24 treatment
combinations and three replications. The treatments represent 3 factors: the main plot
factors namely two different crop establishment methods [transplanted rice (TPR) and
direct seeded rice (DSR)], the sub-plot factors namely six nutrient doses [Farmers
fertilizer practice (60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O per hectare), 100% RDF (80 kg N,
40 kg P2O5 and 40 K2O per hectare), 150% RDF (120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 60 K2O per
hectare), 75% RDN + 25% N via Municipal compost + Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha-1, 50%
RDN + 50% N via Municipal compost + Azospirillum @ 2 kg/ha, SSNM based on
Nutrient Expert® (i.e. 91-42-48 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1)], two different stubble length (15
cm and 25 cm) was in sub sub-plots. There were 72 total plots with a 12 m2 each plot
size.
The results of the present experiment indicate that different crop establishment
methods have profound impact on growth and yield of hybrid rice. During both kharif
seasons, growth attributes of hybrid rice, for all the dates of observation were found to be
higher in transplanted crop than that of, direct seeded crop. Transplanted crops recorded
highest plant height (114.21cm and 114.30cm at 90 DAT), number of tillers m-2 (431.40
and 446.64 at 90 DAT), LAI (4.45 and 4.54 at 60 DAT), above ground biomass (1089.1g
m-2 and 1096.5g m-2 at harvest), CGR (17.95 g m-2 day-1 and 17.64 g m-2 day-1 during 31-
60 DAT), third leaf nitrogen concentration (2.43% and 2.47% at 60 DAT), root length
(24.62cm and 24.67cm at 90cm DAT) and root dry weight (261.5 g m-2 and 269.8 g m-2 at
90 DAT) in both kharif seasons, respectively. Among the nutrient levels, during both
years for all dates of observation, treatment receiving 150% RDF performed best with
respect to growth attributes of hybrid rice, closely followed by Nutrient Expert®
treatment; And both the treatments (F6) were statistically at par among themselves.
Application of 150% RDN recorded highest plant height (119.32cm and 123.22cm at 90
DAT), number of tillers m-2 (469.1 and 492.3 at 90 DAT), LAI (4.78 and 5.16 at 60
DAT), above-ground biomass (1044.8g m-2 and 11058.3g m-2 at harvest), third leaf N
concentration (2.72% and 2.77% at 60 DAT), root length (24.74cm and 24.82cm at 90
DAT) and root dry weight (270.4 g m-2 and 281.7 g m-2 at 90 DAT) in both the years,
respectively. Application of 50% RDN + 50% N through municipal compost +
Azospirillum (F5 treatment) produced plants with highest CGR (18.53 g m-2 day-1 and
18.72 g m-2 day-1 in kharif 2020 and 2021 respectively).
With respect to different CEM and nutrient management treatments, yield
attributes of hybrid rice followed a similar trend as that of growth attributes for both the
years. Transplanted crops produced higher number of panicle m-2 (250 and 253), number
of filled grains per panicle (105 and 109), panicle length (28.74cm and 27.42cm), panicle
weight (3.51 g and 3.65 g), 1000-grain weight (22.24 g and 22.23 g), grain (6.34 t ha-1
and 6.36t ha-1), straw (6.25 t ha-1 and 6.40 t ha-1) yield and HI (50.34% and 49.95%) in
kharif 2020 and kharif 2021, respectively than that of direct seeded crops. Treatment
consisted of 150% RDN performed best with regard to effective number of panicle m-2
(259 and 263), number of filled grains per panicle (120 and 123), panicle length (28.98
cm and 28.32 cm), panicle weight (3.64 g and 3.91g), test weight (22.29 g and 22.53 g),
grain (7.16 t ha-1 and 7.15t ha-1), straw (7.33 t ha-1 and 7.46 t ha-1) yield and HI (49.25%
and 49.29%) in kharif 2020 and kharif 2021, respectively. Hybrid rice in FFP treated
plots had lowest values for all measured parameters. The content and N uptake (1.206%,
1.229% and 77.35 kg ha-1, 78.81 kg ha-1), P content and P uptake (0.302%, 0.311% and
19.57 kg ha-1, 20.19 kg ha-1) and K content and K uptake (0.360%, 0.366% and 23.06 kg
ha-1, 23.57 kg ha-1) of rice grains was found to be highest in transplanted crops during
kharif 2020 and kharif 2021, respectively. Irrespective of CEM, application of 150%
RDN (F3 treatment) showed highest N content and N uptake (1.225%, 1.268% and 88.18
kg ha-1, 91.35 kg ha-1), P content and P uptake (0.339%, 0.347% and 24.48 kg ha-1, 25.08
kg ha-1) and K content and K uptake (0.384%, 0.402% and 27.68 kg ha-1, 28.73 kg ha-1)
of rice grains in kharif 2020 and kharif 2021, respectively. Significantly higher crude
protein content in hybrid rice grain (7.538% and 7.683%), hulling percentage (76.23%
and 77.15%) and milling percentage (71.04% and 71.15%) were obtained in transplanted
crop during kharif 2020 and kharif 2021, respectively. Irrespective of CEM, application
of 150% RDN (F3 treatment) produced grains with highest crude protein content (7.658%
and 7.924%), hulling % (76.37% and 77.59%) and milling % (70.25% and 70.34%) in
kharif 2020 and 2021, respectively. At the end of both the kharif seasons, the under
different CEMs soil organic carbon content (SOC) in 0-15 cm soil depth remained
unaltered. The available N (378.74 kg ha-1 and 278.54 kg ha-1), P2O5 (26.34 kg ha-1 and
37.01 kg ha-1) and K2O (176.26 kg ha-1 and 175.65 kg ha-1) in soil was found to be the
highest in direct seeded rice plots in kharif 2020 and kharif 2021, respectively.
Irrespective of CEMs, application of 50% RDN + 50% N through municipal compost +
Azospirillum (F5 treatment) led to higher content of organic carbon (0.65% and 0.67%), N
(388.44 kg ha-1 and 394.12 kg ha-1), P2O5 (31.27 kg ha-1 and 33.67 kg ha-1) and K2O
(185.23 kg ha-1 and 199.18 kg ha-1) in soil after harvesting of hybrid rice in 2020 and
2021, respectively; while the lowest values were recorded in plots which received FFP. In
this 2-years field experiment, the highest cost of cultivation was incurred in transplanted
hybrid rice cultivation with F5 treatment (₹99332 ha-1). The gross (₹183020 ha-1 and
₹181805 ha-1) and net (₹96247 ha-1 and ₹93737 ha-1) return as well as B:C ratio (2.11
and 2.08) were found to be the highest in transplanted hybrid rice cultivation with F3
treatment in kharif 2020 and kharif 2021, respective.
The lentil crop, sown after harvesting of DSR, recorded highest plant height
(38.71cm and 39.77cm at 90 DAS), dry aerial biomass (131.95g m-2 and 136.20g m-2 at
90 DAS), CGR (2.026g m-2 day-1 and 1.933 g m-2 day-1 during 31-60 DAS), number of
nodules plant-1 (32.09 and 34.57 AT 60 DAS), nodule dry weight plant-1 (4.576mg and
4.665gm at 60 DAS), relative leaf water content (85.10% and 87.53% at 90 DAS) and
total chlorophyll content (1.715mg g-1 of fresh weight and 1.735 mg g-1 of fresh weight at
90 DAS), respectively. Among various nutrient treatments, the residual effect of 150%
RDN application in kharif hybrid rice produced lentil crop with highest plant height
(39.11cm and 40.60cm at 90 DAS), dry aerial biomass (131.88g m-2 and 1137.50g m-2 at
90 DAS), CGR (2.064g m-2 day-1 and 1.988g m-2 day-1 during 31-60 DAS), number of
nodules plant-1 (32.93 and 34.66 AT 60 DAS), nodule dry weight plant-1 (4.642mg and
4.640gm at 60 DAS), relative leaf water content (85.01% and 87.87% at 90 DAS) and
total chlorophyll content (1.755 mg g-1 of fresh weight and 1.778 mg g-1 of fresh weight
at 90 DAS), respectively. Lentil grown under 25cm stubble height recorded higher plant
height (38.43cm and 39.16cm at 90 DAS), dry aerial biomass (129.15 g m-2 and 134.10 g
m-2 at 90 DAS), number of nodules plant-1 (30.53 and 32.91 at 60 DAS), nodule dry
weight plant-1 (4.317 mg and 4.398 mg at 60 DAS) and relative leaf water content
(84.07% and 86.87% at 90 DAS), respectively as compared to the crop under 15 cm
stubble height. The N content N uptake (4.573%, 4.613% and 48.46 kg ha-1, 49.64 kg ha-
1), P content and P uptake (0.302%, 0.321% and 3.237 kg ha-1, 3.486 kg ha-1) and K
content and K uptake (0.870%, 0.880% and 9.252 kg ha-1, 9.487 kg ha-1) of lentil seeds
was found to be highest in lentil crops sown after harvesting of direct seeded rice in rabi
2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. Irrespective of CEMs, lentil crop when grown after
kharif hybrid rice that received 150% RDN recorded the highest N content and N uptake
(4.652%, 4.680% and 48.34 kg ha-1, 49.82 kg ha-1), P content and P uptake (0.332%,
0.0.348% and 3.468 kg ha-1, 3.724 kg ha-1) and K content and K uptake (0.0.895%,
0.897% and 9.327 kg ha-1, 9.575 kg ha-1) of lentil seeds in rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22,
respectively. Different stubble heights of hybrid rice, maintained during sowing of lentil
crop in rabi season, resulted non-significant variation in seed and stover N, P and K
content. The gross return from lentil cultivation was found to be the highest (₹62250 ha-1
and ₹62800 ha-1 in rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively) in plots which had direct-
seeded hybrid rice cultivation with F3 treatment and finally leaving greater stubble height
(25cm). The net return from lentil cultivation was also found to be the highest (₹33380
ha-1 and ₹33930 ha-1 in rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively) in plots which had
direct-seeded hybrid rice cultivation with F3 treatment and finally leaving greater stubble
height (25cm). Under the same growing environment, the B:C ratio was also found to be
the highest (2.16 and 2.18 in rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively) for lentil
cultivation.
Results in respect of overall performance of rice-lentil system revealed that
system productivity (8232.2 kg ha-1 and 8300.2 kg ha-1) and system production efficiency
(34.30 kg ha-1 day-1 and 34.29 kg ha-1 day-1) attained highest values in transplanted rice-
lentil system in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. Rice-lentil system performed best
when the kharif hybrid rice cultivation with 150% RDN was followed by lentil
cultivation with regard to productivity (9750.6 kg ha-1 and 9800.6 kg ha-1), production
efficiency (41.49 kg ha-1 day-1 and 41.10 kg ha-1 day-1) of the systems, N uptake (200.58
kg ha-1 and 206.59 kg ha-1), P uptake (42.25 kg ha-1 and 43.96 kg ha-1) and K uptake
(181.64 kg ha-1 and 183.15 kg ha-1) in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. Total
population of bacteria (129.54×10-5 and 134.60×10-5 CFU g-1 dry soil), fungi (43.63×10-3
and 49.71×10-3 CFU g-1 dry soil) and actinomycetes (63.96×10-5 and 66.69×10-5 CFU g-1
dry soil) was highest at the end of direct seeded rice-lentil sequential cropping in 2020-21
and 2021-22, respectively. Cultivation of kharif hybrid rice with nutrient combinations of
50% RDN + 50% N through municipal compost + Azospirillum (F5 treatment) followed
by lentil crop resulted higher total population of bacteria (1137.30×10-5 and 142.15×10-5
CFU g-1 dry soil), fungi (45.97×10-3 and 54.47×10-3 CFU g-1 dry soil), actinomycetes
(66.52×10-5 and 69.91×10-5 CFU g-1 dry soil), OC (0.701% and 0.710%), available N
(266.97 kg ha-1 and 271.12 kg ha-1), P2O5 (14.44 kg ha-1 and 13.56 kg ha-1) and K2O
(120.12 kg ha-1 and 116.57 kg ha-1) in post-harvest soil during 2020-21 and 2021-22,
respectively. The harvest of hybrid rice with a pre-determined stubble height, prior to
sowing of lentil crop, exerted significant impact of microbial population in post-harvest
soil at the end of rabi season. Total population of bacteria (128.18×10-5 and 131.68×10-5
CFU g-1 dry soil), fungi (41.62×10-3 and 48.03×10-3 CFU g-1 dry soil) and actinomycetes
(62.12×10-5 and 65.21×10-5 CFU g-1 dry soil) was highest in rice-lentil system which
consisted of lentil sowing under greater (25 cm) stubble height in 2020-21 and 2021-22,
respectively.
Based on 2-years data, the cost of cultivation of hybrid rice-lentil system was more
(`128202 ha-1) when the system comprised of transplanted kharif hybrid rice cultivation
with F5 treatment followed by lentil sowing under stubble height of either 15 cm or 25 cm
in rabi season. This cropping system gave the highest gross return (`183020 ha-1 and
`180510 ha-1 in 2020 and 2021, respectively) when it consisted of kharif hybrid rice
cultivation under transplanted condition with F3 treatment followed by lentil sowing
under greater (25 cm) stubble height in rabi season. The highest net return (`108206 ha-1)
and B:C ratio (2.00) of rice-lentil system was obtained when it involved direct seeded
hybrid rice cultivation kharif season with F3 treatment followed by lentil sowing under
25cm stubble height in 2020-21. But in 2021-22 net return (`113496 ha-1) and B:C ratio
(2.04) of rice-lentil system was more when it involved direct seeded hybrid rice
cultivation in kharif season with F3 treatment followed by lentil sowing under 15cm
stubble height in rabi season. The available N gain was the highest (93.70 kg ha-1) under
rice-lentil system which involved direct seeded hybrid rice cultivation with F4 treatment
followed by lentil under 25 cm stubble heighten 2020-21 in rabi season. But in case of
2021-22 available N gain of rice-lentil system was more (97.37 kg ha-1) when the system
consisted of transplanted kharif hybrid rice cultivation with F4 treatment followed by
lentil sowing under 25 cm stubble height in rabi season. In 2020-21, the extent of P loss
was low (5.97 kg ha-1) in rice-lentil system which involved transplanted hybrid rice
cultivation in kharif season with F6 treatment followed by sowing of lentil crop under
25cm stubble height. But in case of 2021-22, the available P loss of rice-lentil system was
low (5.99 kg ha-1) when the system comprised of transplanted kharif hybrid rice
cultivation with F6 treatment followed by sowing of lentil crop under 25cm stubble
height. The available K gain was maximum (114.57 kg ha-1) under rice-lentil system
when it involved transplanted kharif hybrid rice cultivation with F6 treatment followed by
rabi lentil sowing under 25 cm stubble height in 2020-21. But in case of 2021-22,
available K gain of rice-lentil system was more (108.06 kg ha-1) when the system
consisted of transplanted kharif hybrid rice cultivation with F2 treatment followed by
lentil sowing under 25 cm stubble height in rabi season.
Based on the above discussions, it was concluded that rice-lentil system,
comprising directly sown hybrid rice receiving 150% RDF followed by sowing of lentil
crop in winter under 25 cm left-over stubble height of hybrid rice, was superior over the
same system with different treatment combinations. Therefore, rice-lentil system of
cropping with above treatment combination can be prescribed for local farming
community not only for getting higher system productivity but also for maintaining
improved soil fertility status in the long run.