STUDIES ON PROLIFERATION BIOMARKERS IN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF BULLOCK HORN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND ITS CORRELATION WITH HISTOPATHOLOGY 2996
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Date
2019-09
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JAU, JUNAGADH
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of proliferation
biomarkers in squamous cell carcinoma of bullock horn by immunohistochemistry and
to correlate with histopathological study. A total of twenty horn cancer tissue samples
were collected from bullock from Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) of
College of Veterinary Science & A. H., JAU, Junagadh, Gujarat as well as from the
field. The primary information pertaining to case viz. sex, breed, age and side of
affected horn were collected. Pre-operatively, clinical observation of the horn cancer
were carried out. Gross pathological lesions of cancerous growth were recorded after
surgical amputation of horn. Subsequently, affected tissue samples as well as tissue of
normal horn core were collected and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and later
processed for histopathological confirmation of squamous cell carcinoma. Further,
histopathologically confirmed SCC tissues were subjected to grading of squamous cell
carcinoma based on cytoplasmic keratinization, nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic figure,
mode of invasion and cellular response. Subsequently, expression study of proliferative
biomarkers viz., Ki-67, PCNA and cyclin D1 were also carried out in
histopathologically confirmed and graded squamous cell carcinoma as well as in normal
horn core by immunohistochemistry.
In present the study, the frequency of occurrence of horn cancer cases was highest
in the age group of 6 to 10 years (70%) followed by 10 to 15 years (30%). Majority of the cases (70%) were recorded between 6 to 10 years of age. The breed wise frequency
of horn cancer in randomly selected twenty cases under study stated that the frequency
of occurrence of horn cancer was highest in Kankrej 13/20 (65%) followed by Gir 6/20
(30%) and non-descript 1/20 (5%) breeds of cattle.
Clinical observations found in horn cancer cases were frequent shaking of head,
tilting of head at the affected side, tilting of affected horn and increase nasal discharge
from affected side in advance cases. Gross examination of surgical amputation of
affected horn revealed cancerous growth in the middle and distal region of the horn
core in first stage of horn cancer. Histopathological examination of affected tissue from
this region revealed the well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in five cases while
low differentiated squamous cell carcinoma revealed in one case. In second stage of
horn cancer, cancerous tissue found nearly in entire horn core, that was dry, hard and
dirty grey in color, and revealed the well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in
four cases as well as low differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in two cases in
histopathological examination of all the affected tissue from this region. Third stage of
horn cancer showed completely filled horn core with cauliflower like cancerous growth
and histopathological examination of all the affected tissue from this region revealed
the well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in one case as well as low
differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in seven cases. Histopathologically, all
collected samples found positive for squamous cell carcinoma of horn core, which
further classify into well-differentiated and poorly differentiated SCC. Well differentiated SCC revealed higher cytoplasmic keratinization, low nuclear
differentiation, less mitotic figures, well defined border line and mild cellular response.
The low cytoplasmic keratinization, high nuclear differentiation, high mitotic figures,
poorly defined border line and high cellular response were found in poorly
differentiated SCC. Immunohistochemically expression study of Ki-67 and PCNA
revealed showed strong immunorecativity in low differentiated SCC and weak
immunoreactivity in well-differentiated SCC and normal horn core tissue. The
expression of Ki-67 and PCNA significantly found higher in poorly differentiated SCC
compared to well-differentiated SCC. The expression study of cyclin D1 could not be
appreciated in any of the squamous cell carcinoma as well as in normal horn tissue.
Hence, the present study suggested that analysis of Ki-67 and PCNA expression in
tumoral tissue may help to predict the clinical course and prognosis in patients with
squamous cell carcinoma.