Antibiotic resistance pattern of enteric and ear bacterial pathogens isolated from dog and their in vitro sensitivity to pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaf extract
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Date
2007
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Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg (C.G.)
Abstract
Chronic ear infection (otitis externa) and diarrhoea in dogs are common presenting problems in canine practice at veterinary hospitals attended during the study. Dogs were clinically examined and ear & rectal swabs were collected from infected dogs. German shepherd (47.85%) was the most commonly affected breed. A variety of antibacterial agents are currently prescribed in treating infections of dogs. However, widespread and indiscriminate use of antibacterial agents resulted in development of drug resistance among many of the pathogenic bacteria rendering antibiotics ineffective against them. Present study was conducted on isolation, characterization and antibiogram of pathogenic bacteria isolated from ear and rectal swabs of diseased dogs. These isolates were also subjected to antibacterial activity of pomegranate leaf extract: a multipotential therapeutic herbal extract. A total of 23 ear swabs and 30 rectal swabs were collected from clinically diseased dogs. Results of isolation and identification by morphology, cultural character and biochemical tests of fresh isolates revealed a total of 105 isolates which include Eschorichia coli (23), Staphylococcus (19), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14), Proteus mirabilis (16), Proteus vulgaris (7), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11), Klebsiella oxytoca (6), Salmonella spp (4) and Micrococcus (5). The results on microbial investigation of ear infection indicated that although the highest prevalence rate was of Staphylococcus spp (34.54%) only seven out of 19 isolates were coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (12.72%). Recovery of other pathogenic bacteria namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris (25.45%, 16.36%, 5.45%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Micrococcus was 9.09%, 5.45% and 3.63%, respectively. Pathogenic bacteria isolated from rectal swabs obtained from diarrheic dogs were Escherichia coli (46%), Proteus mirabilis (14%), Proteus vulgaris (8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%), Klebsiella oxytoca (6%), Salmonella(8%) and Micrococcus (6%). The antibiogram study was further under taken on specific isolates by antibiotic sensitivity test. Overall sensitivity of bacterial isolates recovered from otitis externa revealed that Ciprofloxacin was the most affective antibiotic as strains exhibited highest sensitivity (67.27%) followed by Gentamicin (62.18%), Cephalaxin (40%), Chloramphenical (32.72%), but moderate to sensitive to Amoxycillin (21.81%), Ampicillin (20%), Doxycycline (16.36%) and least sensitive to Penicillin (12.72%) as well as Erythromycin (3.63%). Overall sensitivity of bacterial isolate recovered from diarrhea revealed that Chloromphenical was the most effective drug (72%), followed by Ciprofloxacin (70%), Gentamicin (52%), Cephalixin (40%), Doxycycline (30%), Ampicillin (14%), Amoxycillin (6%) and erythromycin (2%). The antibacterial activity of cold extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaves was studied in vitro by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods against all pathogenic isolates. The extract was impregnated on to the filter paper discs. The disc diffusion study revealed that cold extract was more effective inhibiting the growth of cent percent isolates of Staphylococcus sp, Klebsiella sp, E. coli and Salmonella sp, but its efficacy was less against Pseudomonas sp as well as Proteus sp .Its minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against four bacteria was found to vary from 66.66±16.68 to 33.33±8.34 mg/ml. The present study is helpful for the characterization of common bacteria associated with ear and intestinal infection in dogs and access the antibacterial effect of pomegranate leaf extract on antibiotic resistant as well as antibiotic sensitive pathogenic bacteria. This study is also helpful in providing dependable methods and techniques for evaluation of therapeutic potential of herbal extract against common pathogens of animal origin.