Ameliorative Effect of Cow Urine In Cadmium Chloride Induced Toxicity In Wistar Rats
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Date
2012
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Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to study the pathology of
acute and ameliorative effect of cow urine in subacute cadmium chloride
(CdCl2) toxicity in Wistar rats. In acute toxicity study the approximate lethal
dose of CdCl2 was determined as 101.25 mg/kg body weight. The present
study of acute toxicity clinically revealed scanty dropping, profuse salivation,
depression, prostration, hyperaesthesia, respiratory distress, exophthalmos,
motor incoordination, loss of all reflexes and death. At necropsy, there were
severe haemorrhages in lungs accompanied with congestion in most of the
visceral organs. Histopathologically, CdCl2 intoxicated rats revealed severe
haemorrhage, degenerative and necrotic changes of hepatocytes in liver, severe
congestion and haemorrhage in lungs, degenerative changes in brain,
degenerative and necrotic changes of tubular epithelium along with severe
haemorrhages in kidney tubules, severe depletion of lymphocytes in the
Malpighian corpuscles of the spleen and severe degenerative and necrotic
changes of cardiac muscles along with haemorrhage. In the 28 days subacute
study total number of eighty rats were divided at random into eight equal
groups of 10 each (5 males + 5 females). All the rats of groups III, V and VII
were administered CdCl2 orally @ 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight
respectively for 28 days and all the rats of groups IV, VI and VIII were
administered CdCl2 orally @ 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight respectively
along with cow urine @ 1 ml/100 g body weight for 28 days. Group I served as
normal control and group II as a cow urine control. In subacute toxicity mean
body weight was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in dose dependant manner in
the intoxicated rats of group III, V and VII, while significant increase in cow
urine ameliorating group IV and VI. CdCl2 caused significant decrease in the
OSI of spleen, testes and brain and significant increase in the OSI of kidneys
and liver of rats of group V and VII. Administration of cow urine significantly
reversed the OSI index in rats of group IV and VI. In CdCl2 intoxication,
haematological examination revealed that the Hb, PCV, TEC and lymphocyte
% were significantly (P<0.01) decreased and MCV, MCH, MCHC, TLC and
neutrophil % significantly increased in rats of group V and VII. Addition of
cow urine showed significant increased in Hb, PCV, TEC and lymphocyte %
and significant decreased in neutrophil % in rats of group IV, VI and VIII.
Biochemically the values of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, albumin to globulin ratio
and creatinine were significantly (P<0.01) increased while values of mean
plasma globulin and total protein significantly decreased with the increase in
dose of CdCl2. The values of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatine and albumin to
globulin ratio were significantly (P<0.01) decreased in cow urine treated rats
of group IV, VI and VIII. Evaluation of male reproductive indices also showed
significant (P ≤ 0.01) decrease in epididymal sperm concentration, sperm
motility, live spermatozoa % along with an increase in dead spermatozoa %
and spermatozoa abnormalities in rats of group treated with CdCl2 whereas
cow urine treated rats of group showed significant amelioration in all
reproductive parameters.. Gross lesions revealed petechial haemorrhages in
liver, congestion and haemorrhage in lungs, slight atrophy of spleen and mild
congestion in brain. Histopathological lesions varied in a dose dependent
manner. Mild, moderate and severe degenerative and necrotic changes and
congestion/haemorrhage were observed in liver, kidney, heart and testis of rats
of group III, V and VII respectively indicating CdCl2 induced hepatotoxicity,
nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and also male reproductive
toxicity. Mild to severe lymphocytolysis were observed in Malpighian
corpuscles of spleen in rats of group III, V and VII indicating immunotoxicity
of CdCl2. In cow urine treated group of rats, slight improvement was found in
rats of group VIII, while in rats of group VI and IV, moderate degree of
improvement was recorded as compared to CdCl2 intoxicated rats of group VII,
V and III respectively.
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