USE OF ULTRASONIC DENTAL SCALER FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN DOGS (Canis domestica)
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Date
2005
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AAU, Anand
Abstract
Present investigation was carried out on 51 clinical cases of pet dogs suffering from periodontal disease, at the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period between 1st July 2004 to 30th June 2005. Breed-wise incidence was found to be the highest in Pomeranian breed (27.45%), followed by German Shepherd (19.60%), Labrador Retriever and Non Descript dogs (11.76% each), Dobennan Pinscher (7.84%), Cocker Spaniel (5.88%), Dachshund and Dalmatian (3.92% each), Collie, Boxer, Great Dane and Lhasa Apso (1.96% each). Study of age-wise incidence revealed the lowest affection (3.92%) in the young aged group of dogs (<3yrs) and all (3.92%) belonged to Grade 1 periodontal disease. The highest (68.62%) incidence was recorded in the group of senior aged dogs (>6yrs), which also showed higher proportion (23.52%)) of Grade 4 disease. Middle aged dogs showed 27.45% incidences with majority of Grade 1 (19.6%) type. Maximum proportion of cases belonged to Grade I (39.21%), followed by Grade 4 (25.49%), Grade 3 (19.60%) and Grade 2 (15.68%). In view of predisposing factors, out of total 51 dogs included in the study, 62.74% were maintained on vegetarian diet and rest (37.26%) on mixed (vegetarian and non-vegetarian) diet. Amongst mixed diet group, 17.65% dogs were receiving pet food in addition to the normal home cooked diet. Only 33.33% dogs were fed twice a day as per the routine schedule whereas rest had no fixed dietary schedule. Nearly half of the dogs (56.86%) were taken regularly for walk once or twice daily. Only 1 dog was receiving regular mouthwash once daily and 2 dogs were provided regularly with artificial bones to gnaw. In majority of cases halitosis (76.47%)) and anorexia (52.94%)) remained the chief complaints. Characteristic lesions observed during the study included stains, plaque, light to heavy calculus deposition, gingivitis, abnomial periodontal depths, tooth discolouration, gingival hyperplasia, Grade 1 to Grade 3 furcation exposure, alveolar periostitis, mild, moderate or severe teeth mobility, gingival recession and caval bleeding. Bacteriological culture and isolation fi-om dental swabs collected from gingival pockets of 41 dogs resulted in recovery of chiefly Staphylococcus spp. (24.39%)), Escherichia spp.( 19.51%), Pseudomonas spp.(12.19%)). Streptococcus spp. (7.32%) and Coiynebacterium spp. (4.88%). In-vitro anfibacterial susceptibility test of these bacterial isolates exhibited highest sensitivity to Amoxicillin thus proved to be the antimicrobial agent of choice for clinical use for bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Haemoglobin, Total Erythrocyfic Count and Neutrophil per cent of the test group dogs were found to be significantly lower than those of the control group; whereas Total Leukocyte Count and Lymphocyte per cent were found to be significantly higher in test group than in control group. Comparative evaluation of scaling methods revealed superiority of Group II (using hand instruments and ultrasonic dental scaler both in combination) over other two groups in terms of minimum scaling time and minimum dose of anaesthesia. Maximum scaling time and higher dose of anaesthesia were required for Group I (using only hand instruments). In the dogs of Group I, maximum injuries to the gums and subgingival tissues were observed. Hand instruments proved to be the least efficient for subgingival scaling. Injuries were minimum in Group III (using ultrasonic scaler alone) with the most efficient subgingival scaling with little more scaling time. A survey of compliance with oral hygiene recommendations showed, only 15.68% clients brushing teeth several times a week whereas 64.70% were not brushing and the rest (19.61%)) were occasionally brushing; 72.55% dogs were still provided with artificial bones to gnaw and rest 27.45%) were not. Regarding dietary modifications no client found to comply with the recommendations.
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VETERINARY SURGERY, A STUDY