STUDIES ON PATHOHORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LUNGS IN SHEEP PNEUMONIA
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Date
2006-03
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
More than 70 crores of people in India are solely dependant on
agriculture and livestock and contributing more than Us. 50.000 crores
annually. India's sheep population is more than 1 38.50 millions. \\ hich
ranks 6'" in the world. Pneumonia is one of the most frequentl! occurring
ailment as well as the most of important disease entities causing morbidit!
and mortality in sheep. As disease problems severely cripple the production. a sound
knowledge of common contagious/ infectious disease5 that accounts for
mortalitj & morbidit) among sheep become necrssar?..
Multiple etiology and several factors contributing to high
susceptibility of sheep to pneumonia and posing great ditXcuip in control
of this malady to sheep farming community.
In view of this, the study on the pathomorphology of lungs in sheep
pneumonia was undertaken to investigate various pathological pneumonic
types, common bacteria that cause pneumonia in sheep and common
antibiotics that can be used against the bacteria that are isolated.
In the present investigation, a total of 2850 ovine lungs were
collected from different slaughterhouses and field mortality cases in and
around Tirupati. On detailed gross pathological changes, 358 ovine lungs
revealed lesions suggestive of pneumonia. On histopathological
examination 273 (09.58%) cases were having definitive lesions of various
types of pneumonia. But, remaining 85 didn't reveal specific pneumonic
lesions related to the study. In the present study, various types of'
pneumonic conditions that were encountered in lungs were
bronchopneumonia 109 (39.93%), suppurative pneumonia 64 (23.44%).
fibrinous pneumonia 42 ( 1 5.38%%), pulmonary adenomatosis 2 1 (7.69%).
maedi 10 (3.66%), interstitial pneumonia 8 (2.93%), granulomatous
pneumonia 7 (2.56%), verminous pneumonia 6 (2.20%), pleuro pneumonia
5 ( 1.83%) and aspiration pneumonia 1 (0.37%).
13ronchopneumonia was characterized by presence of moderate to
high infiltration of inflammatory cells, neutrophils and mononuclear cells
in and around bronchioles and alveoli. Inter alveolar haemorrhages with
mild edema of alveoli and peribronchial haemorrhages u.ere seen.
Suppurative pneumonia was characterized by presence of diffuse
infiltration of inflammatory cells, mostly neutrophils, al\eolar
macrophages with congestion, necrosis with calcification and pre?
hepatilation changes. Fibrous tissue proliferation was also e\.ident.
In fibrinous pneunlonia alveoli. bronchioles and bronchi were filled
with sero fibrinous exudates. Infiltration of inflammatory cells like
neutrophils and macrophages were seen &long with edema congestion and
haemorrhages. Edema and widening of inter lobular septa \\.as noticed in
almost all cases with thickening of pleura. Pulmonary adenomatosis was characterized h? papilla? projection 01' epithelium into alveolar/ hror~chiolar lumen. Fibrous tissue proliferar~on
was seen. Metaplasia of alveolar epithelium leading to formation of
glandular structures in alveoli was also evident. Maedi was characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium. Peribronchiolar and perivascular infiltration with
lymphocytes was most predominantly seen. Alveolar lumen contained
desquamated epithelial cells. Thickened alveolar walls with interalveolar
haemorrhages were also evident. Interstitial pneumonia was characterized by thickened alveolar septa due to accumulation of serous and fibrinous exudates with infiltration of
inflammatory cells like lymphocytes, macrophages and mononuclear cells
in alveolar septa was noticed. Pleuro pneumonia was characterized by active hyperemia, edema, congestion and haemorrhages with mild serous exudates along with mild
infiltration of inflammatory cells like macrophages, lymphocytes and
epitheloid cells. The pleura were thickened with fibrous tissue
proliferation. Infiltration was very mild with neutrophils and lymphocytes
Tuberculosis was characterized by a granuloma with a central
caseation with calcification changes surrounded by macrophages.
epithelioid cells, lymphocytes. and Langhan's giant cells with fibrous
covering. Other changes noticed were thickening of pleura. suh pleural
haemorrhages, pleural fibrosis along with congestion changes.
Mycotic pneumonia was characterized by presence of
granulomatous caseative necrosis with macrophages. epithelioid cells.
I>rmphocj-tes and fibroblasts. Branched septa1 h>-phae were seen in
lumen of alveoli. Nodular bronchopneumonia was evident as a local
in flammatog. reaction. Focal areas of pu lmonar? edema and
consolidation were also seen. Ectopic migration of Fasciola into lungs was characteri~ed b~.
presence of a fluke. around which a se\ere reactike zone of
cosinophils. polymorphonuclear cells and Iymphoc>-tes. I'he tluke \\as
identified as hscioln gigu,~rica. Bronchiolar and al\.eolar edema and
haemorrhages were seen. Hematoma was also seen.
Hydatidosis was characterized by presence of mononuclear,
eosinophils and plasma cell infiltration around the cystic space and
surrounded with focal areas of fibrous tissue proliferation along with
haemorrhages and congestion. Aspiration pneumonia was characterized by necrosis with presence of foreign body in the bronchiole with bronchiolar haemorrhages. Inter
alveolar edema; haemorrhages with mild infiltration of inflammatory
changes were also evident. In the present study, out of 273 pneumonic sheep lungs, 100 were
examined bacteriologically and bacteria were isolated from 82 cases. The)
were Pasreurella multocida 17( 18.29%), E. coli 15 ( 18.29%).
Coryehucterium orvis 13 (1 5.85%) and coagulase negative Staphylococcus
sps. 1 1 (4.88%) . Stray cases of bacteria isolated were Streptococcus sps. 7
(8.54%). Bacillus sps. 5 (6.10%). Mvcobacteriun~ sps. 4 (3.88%).
Klehsrella sps. 4 (4.88%), Proreus sps. 4 (4.88%) and Pseudomonas sps. 2
(2.44%).
From bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia and pleuro
pneumonia cases major bacteria isolated was E. coli organisms. In case of
suppurative pneumonia Pastrrtrella sps.,and Cor\~17ehucterirtmo \,is ~c,er-tJ
isolated. From fibrinous pneumonia Pasteurella sps.. was majoril?
~ti~nt~fifFirrodm. jaagsiekte and maedi lungs E.coli and coagulase - negati\.r
Sraph~~lococcus sps. were identified. From tuberculosis lungs
!%fir-ohac,terilrmsp s. was identified. An attempt was made to find sensiti\it~ of antibiotics on
bacteria from ovine pneumonic lungs. High sensiti\it> \\as found to
enroflosacin 73 (90.249'0). followed bj. petlosacin 70 (85.37O0 ).
ciprofloxacin 70 (75.37%), amoxacillin 68 (82.93O/0), gentarnlcin 68
(82.37%) and chloramphenicol 65 (79.27940) be the drugs of better
choice for bacterial causes of ovine pneumonia. Other drugs of choice
were ceflriaone 62 (75.61 %), cefotaxime 6 1 (74.39O 0). cefi~ro\imc
60 (73.17%). tetracycline 60 (73. 17°fo). co-trimouunle 50 (60.QN0 0 1.
ampicillin 49 (59.7690) and sulfadiuine 45 (54.88'0) ha\ ing good
sensitivity for bacterial isolates from the present pneumonic lungs.
It is evident that almost all the bacterial isolates revealed absolute
sensitivity to quinolone group of antibiotics follo\ved hy arnouacillin,
gentamycin, and chloramphenical. No antibiotic was efficient c)n
Mycobacterium sps. and sulfadiazine was lowest in the order of sensitivity
by the bacterial isolates.
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