NUTRITIVE EVALUATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL FEEDS USING IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE
Loading...
Date
2016
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of locally available
unconventional feeds using in vitro gas production technique. Sixteen samples of
unconventional feeds available locally around Thrissur, were identified and
collected for the study. The identified feed samples were mulberry leaves (Morus
sp), brewery waste, rain tree pod (Samanea saman), rapeseed cake (Brassica
napus), glyricidia leaves (Glyricidia sepium), azolla (Azolla pinnata), bamboo
leaves (Bambusoideae), turmeric waste (Curcuma longa), spent cumin (Cuminum
cyminum), cooked barley residue (Hordeum vulgare), water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes), soya sauce waste (Glycine max), dhanwantaram thailum residue,
pineapple tops (Ananas comosus), spent rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and
spent grapes (Vitis vinifera).
Proximate composition and fibre fractions were analysed and based on the
crude protein (CP) levels, these sixteen samples were grouped into three.
Group I (G1) - Unconventional feeds with more than 20 per cent CP, this
included mulberry leaves, brewery waste, rain tree pod, rapeseed cake, glyricidia
leaves, azolla. Rapeseed cake had highest crude protein content of 34.42 per cent
and mulberry leaves had lowest CP of 21.64 per cent. Brewery waste had highest
crude fibre and ether extract of 16.91 and 4.91 per cent, respectively and rapeseed
cake had lowest CF and EE of 13.3 and 3.23 per cent respectively. Mulberry
leaves had highest total ash content of 14.53 per cent, while azolla had lowest
total ash content of 1.91 per cent.
Group II (G2) - Unconventional feeds with more than 10 per cent CP, and
this included bamboo leaves, turmeric waste, spent cumin, cooked barley residue,
water hyacinth. The crude protein content ranged from 11.82 per cent for cooked
barley residue to 17.98 per cent for water hyacinth. Crude fat content ranged from
2.2 per cent for water hyacinth to 17.19 per cent for soya sauce waste. Total ash
content ranged from 2.14 per cent for cooked barley residue to 26.22 per cent for
soya sauce waste.
80
Group III (G3) - Unconventional feeds with less than 10 per cent CP, and
this included dhanwantaram thailum residue, pineapple tops, spent rosemary and
spent grapes. Dhanwantaram thailum residue had highest crude protein content of
9.29 per cent, while spent grapes had lowest CP content of 5.61 per cent. The
crude fat content of dhanwantaram thailum residue (17.7 per cent) was highest
and that of spent rosemary was lowest (0.41 per cent). Pineapple tops had highest
crude fibre content of 28.01 per cent. Spent rosemary had highest total ash content
of 6.72 per cent while the spent grapes had the lowest value (3.1 per cent).
The samples were subjected to in vitro trials according to the procedure
described by Menke and Steingass (1988) to estimate various rumen fermentation
parameters such as total gas production, in vitro dry matter/organic matter
digestibility, rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration, and individual VFAs and
calculated parameters like partitioning factor (PF), microbial biomass production
(MBP) and metabolisable energy (ME) to obtain in depth and comprehensive
picture of fermentation pattern of various unconventional feedstuffs.
In G1, the statistical analysis of the data on average gas production
(ml/200mg) revealed a significant difference between azolla (9.9±0.27), rapeseed
cake (29.9±0.89) and brewery waste (13.07±0.24) (p<0.01). No significant
difference was found between mulberry leaves (25.9±0.67), glyricidia leaves
(26.25±0.67) and rain tree pods meal (26.17±0.54). In G2, significant (p<0.01)
difference was found between all the feed samples. Gas production ranged from
6.825±0.30 ml/200mg to 56.75±0.29 ml/200mg. In G3 gas production was
significant difference between all the feed samples (p<0.01). It ranged from
20.55±0.62 ml/200mg DM to 41.87±0.51 ml/200mg DM.
The average TDMD and TOMD of various unconventional feeds of G1
showed a significant difference (p<0.01) was found in both the dry matter and
organic matter digestibility of all the feed samples of G1. Average TDMD ranged from 55.16±1.16 per cent to 87.26±0.62 per cent and the TOMD ranged from 54.635±1.29 per cent to 86.51±0.40 per cent respectively. In G2 group the data on
average TDMD per cent revealed a significant difference (p<0.01) between
81
bamboo (49.18±0.33), turmeric waste (60.79±1.20), spent cumin’s (76.30±0.56),
cooked barley residue (87.05±0.26) and water hyacinth (72.79±1.36) but there
was no significant difference between soya sauce waste (74.87±0.31), water
hyacinth (72.79±1.36) and spent cumin (76.30±0.56). In G3 group, significant
difference (p<0.01) was found between all the feed samples. The highest TDMD
was found in spent rosemary (87.28±1.25) and the lowest in dhanwantaram
thailum residue (62.84±0.44). The TOMD was found to higher in spent rosemary
(86.79±1.32) and lower in dhanwantaram (65.01±0.42).
In G1 the average microbial biomass showed a significant difference
(p<0.01) between mulberry leaves (86.1±0.87), brewery waste (66.1±1.77) and
rain tree pod meal (72.9±2.84). MBP ranged from 66.1±1.77 to
90.32±2.50mg/200 mg DM. In G2 a significant difference (p<0.01) was observed
between all the feed samples except between cooked barley residue (43.52±0.83)
and bamboo leaves (45.37±0.75); water hyacinth (73.52±0.84) and turmeric waste
(73.55±1.80). In G3 samples significant difference (p<0.01) was observed
between all the feed samples. MBP ranged from 53.85±1.42 to 114.82±2.30.
The average partitioning factor (OM fermented/ml gas) of G1 samples was
highest for azolla (11.22±0.46) and lowest for rapeseed cake (4.35±0.12). In G2,
significant difference (p<0.01) was found between soya sauce waste (15.5±0.66),
bamboo leaves (5±0.07), turmeric waste (7.6±0.20), cooked barley residue
(2.87±0.02) and water hyacinth (6.02±0.02). PF of spent grapes, pineapple tops,
dhanwantaram thailum residue and spent rosemary were 3.67±0.07, 3.32±0.02,
4.6±0.22 and 7.77±0.21 respectively.
The predicted metabolisable energy of G1 samples ranged from 5.15±0.01
(MJ/kg DM) to 8.72±0.14 (MJ/kg DM) and a significant difference (p<0.01) was
found between all the feed samples except between azolla (5.15±0.01) and
brewery (5.33±0.25). In G2, a significant difference (p<0.01) between all the feed
samples except between bamboo leaves (4.52±0.04) and water hyacinth
(4.57±0.06). In G3, the average metabolisable energy of Spent grapes, pineapple
82
tops, spent rosemary leaves and dhanwantaram thailum residue were 7.85±0.08,
8.55±0.09, 4.42±0.10 and 10.82±0.16 MJ/kg DM respectively.
In G1, there was significant difference (p<0.01) in the concentration of
volatile fatty acids and total volatile fatty acids. The acetate, propionate, butyrate
and valerate concentration ranged from 34.00±1.35 to 47.62±0.32, 12.1±0.10 to
20.75±1.04, 3.42±0.02 to 5.47±0.08, 0.2±0.00 to 1.12±0.02 mmol/L. In G2,
significant difference was observed in the concentration of volatile fatty acids and
total volatile fatty acids. The acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate
concentration ranged from 22.54±1.30 to 7.92±0.74, 2.16±0.13 to 22.781±0.47, 41.55±1.61 to 3.90±0.18, and 0.19±0.01 to 0.45±0.03, respectively. In G3, acetate,
propionate, butyrate and valerate concentration ranged from 30.61±0.93 to
39.27±0.56, 13.62±0.24 to 21.16±0.21, 2.56±0.15 to 3.67±0.04 and 0.15±0.02 to
0.17±0.05, respectively.
In G1, ammonia nitrogen was significantly (p<0.01) higher in rapeseed
cake (39.68±1.40) than mulberry leaves (24.09±1.89) and there was no significant
difference between the rest of the samples. The values of brewery waste,
glyricidia leaves, rain tree pod meal and azolla were 15.35±0.36, 14.24±0.37,
16.00±0.82 and 16.97±0.46 mg/dL, respectively. Rumen Ammonia nitrogen
production of G2 was highest for bamboo leaves (37.01±4.25) followed by soya
sauce waste (31.30±2.42). There was no significant difference between the other
unconventional feed samples and the values of turmeric waste, spent cumin,
cooked barley residues and water hyacinth were 18.15±0.89, 18.80±0.85,
17.09±0.40 and 19.07±2.11 mg/dL respectively. In G3, samples showed a
significant difference (p<0.01) between each other. Ammonia nitrogen was
highest for dhanwantaram thailum residue (26.52±1.60) followed by pineapple
tops (19.38±0.25) and the values of spent grapes and spent rosemary leaves were
16.54±1.08 and 13.94±0.13 mg/dL.
From the results of chemical composition and in vitro fermentation
parameters it can be concluded that some of the feedstuffs such as mulberry
leaves, glyricidia leaves, spent rosemary, rapeseed cake, rain tree pod can be
83
replaced with that of the conventional protein supplements. Feedstuffs such as
dhanwantaram thailum residue, pineapple tops, cooked barley residue and spent
rosemary can be used to replace the conventional energy sources. Other feedstuffs
having lower digestibility can be used as a source of roughages during scarcity of
conventional feeds. Some of the feedstuffs such as dhanwantaram thailum residue,
cooked barley, rain tree pod meal etc., will be helpful in mitigating the methane
production and emission.
Description
Keywords
null