STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUES FOR KNOLKHOL [Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (L.)] IN SOUTHERN AGROCLIMATIC ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
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Date
2016
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Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
Abstract
Present investigation entitled ‘Standardization of agrotechniques for knolkhol [Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (L.)] in Southern Agroclimatic Zone of Andhra Pradesh’ was carried out for two consecutive rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Anantharajupeta, Andhra Pradesh. Experimental design was split-split plot, with three replications. The treatments comprised of three times of planting viz., I FN of November (T1), II FN of November (T2) and I FN of December (T3) assigned to main plots, three spacings viz., 30 cm x 15 cm (S1), 30 cm x 30 cm (S2) and 45 cm x 15 cm (S3) allotted to sub plots and five nitrogen doses viz.,0 kg N ha-1 (N1), 75 kg N ha-1 (N2), 100 kg N ha-1 (N3), 125 kg N ha-1 (N4) and 150 kg N ha-1 (N5) assigned to sub-sub plots. The test variety was ‘White Vienna’. The crop microclimate was favourable in terms of canopy temperature and light interception per cent with the crop planted during I FN of December (T3) when compared to other two planting times tested. Among the spacings tested, favourable microclimate was noticed with closer spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm (S1), which was followed by 45 cm x 15 cm (S3) and 30 cm x 30 cm (S2). Canopy temperature progressively decreased with increase in nitrogen level, whereas the light interception per cent increased progressively with increase in nitrogen doses. The maximum heat units (degree days) from planting to 50 per cent knob initiation and from 50 per cent knob initiation to harvest were with the
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crop planted during I FN of December (T3) over earlier plantings. Among the spacings, the maximum accumulated heat units were estimated with the planting pattern of 30 cm x 15 cm followed by 45 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 30 cm. There was progressive decrease in accumulated heat units with successive increase in nitrogen level from 0 to 150 kg N ha-1.
The highest stature of growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves plant-1, length and width of the leaf, SCMR values, dry matter production and circumference of knob were with the crop planted during I FN of December (T3), which was significantly higher than that due to II FN of November (T2) planting. With regard to spacings, significantly taller plants with higher dry matter accrual were observed at a closer spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm (S1) followed by a wider spacing of 45 cm x 15 cm (S3). The highest values with respect to length and width of the leaf and circumference of knob were recorded with spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm (S2). While, the SCMR values followed a significant descending order of S3, S2 and S1 respectively. With regard to nitrogen levels, at all the stages of crop growth, increase in nitrogen dose from 0 kg N ha-1 (N1) to 150 kg N ha-1 (N5) resulted in significant linear increase in all the growth parameters with significant disparity between any two of them.
Number of days to 50 per cent knob initiation and days to marketable maturity were significantly lesser with the crop planted during I FN of November (T1) relative to that with II FN of November (T2). Significantly minimum number of days to 50 per cent knob initiation and days to marketable maturity were registered with a spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm (S2) followed by other two spacings tried. A progressive reduction in number of days to 50 per cent knob initiation and marketable maturity was noticed with successive increase in nitrogen dose from 0 kg ha-1 (N1) to 150 kg ha-1 (N5) with significant disparity between any of the five nitrogen levels tried during both the years.
The highest level of yield attributes viz., horizontal and vertical length of the knob and knob fresh weight were associated with delayed planting i.e., during I FN of December (T3), compared to that of II FN of November (T2) and I FN of November (T1) plantings. Maximum values with respect to yield attributes were recorded with planting pattern of 30 cm x 30 cm (S2) when compared to rest of the planting patterns. Application of 150 kg N ha-1 (N5) recorded significantly the highest stature of yield attributes followed by 125 kg N ha-1 (N4). With regard to interaction, the highest knob fresh weight plant -1 was noticed with widest spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm coupled with highest level of nitrogen i.e., 150 kg N ha-1 followed by wider spacing of 45 cm x 15 cm at same level of nitrogen.
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During both the years, the highest knob yield was with late planted crop i.e., during I FN of December (T3) followed by planting the crop during II FN of November (T2) and I FN of November (T1) in the order of descent. Significantly, higher knob yield ha-1 was observed at a closer spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm (S1) followed by wider spacing of 45 cm x 15 cm (S3). The highest nitrogen dose of 150 kg ha-1 (N5) resulted in significantly higher knob yield compared with lower nitrogen doses tested. The highest knob yield was with spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm coupled with highest level of nitrogen i.e., 150 kg N ha-1 followed by 125 kg N ha-1 at same spacing, during both the years.
Among the three planting times tried, the maximum harvest index was registered with crop planted during I FN of December followed by II FN of November (T2) and I FN of November (T1) in the order of descent. Among the three spacings under scrutiny maximum harvest index was noticed with the spacing of 45 cm x 15 cm (S3). Harvest index of knolkhol tended to increase progressively from 0 kg N ha-1 (N1) to 150 kg N ha-1 (N5).
At all the stages of observation, the shelf life of knobs in terms of lower weight loss per cent was longer with the earlier planted crop during I FN of November (T1) and II FN of November (T2) compared to latest planting. The lowest weight loss per cent was noticed with spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm (S2) followed by 45 cm x 15 cm (S3) spacing. The weight loss per cent tended to decrease linearly with successive increase in level of nitrogen from 0 kg ha-1 (N1) to 150 kg ha-1 (N5), with significant disparity among one another. There was no perceptible change in TSS of the knolkhol knobs due to varied times of planting. While, the effect of staggered times of planting on other quality parameters was conspicuous. The highest ascorbic acid content and protein content were registered with the crop planted during I FN of December (T3). The highest crude fibre content was with the crop planted during I FN of November (T1).
Improved quality of knolkhol knobs in terms of TSS, ascorbic acid content and protein content was with planting geometry of 30 cm x 30 cm (S2) followed by of 45 cm x 15 cm (S3) and 30 cm x 15 cm (S1), which in turn were on par with each other. But the fibre content of knobs was highest with the crop geometry of 30 cm x 15 cm (S1).
Appearance of knobs was superior from the crop planted during I FN of December (T3) compared to that of other two earlier plantings. The higher values with respect to appearance of knolkohl knobs were observed with the planting pattern of 30 cm x 30 cm (S2). An increasing trend was noticed with respect to appearance of knolkhol knobs from 0 kg N ha-1 (N1) to the highest level of nitrogen tried i.e., 150 kg N ha-1 (N5).
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Nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) by knolkhol at harvest was significantly higher with the crop planted during I FN of December (T3). Significantly, higher nutrient uptake was due to planting pattern of 30 cm x 15 cm (S1). The uptake of nutrients increased significantly from the lowest dose of 0 kg N ha-1 up to the maximum tested dose of 150 kg N ha-1, during both the years of study.
The post harvest soil fertility status (available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) was improved under the crop planted during I FN of November (T1), during both the years. There was significant improvement in post harvest soil fertility status with planting pattern of 30 cm x 30 cm (S2) over other spacings tried. Successive increase in nitrogen level from 0 to 150 kg ha-1 significantly increased the post harvest soil fertility status.
The highest gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were realized with the crop planted during I FN of December (T3). Gross returns and net returns were highest with the planting pattern of 30 cm x 15 cm (S1), while the benefit cost ratio was highest with that due to 45 cm x 15 cm (S3). Application of the highest and lowest level of nitrogen (150 and 0 kg N ha-1) resulted in maximum and minimum economic returns, respectively.
Investigations indicated that knolkhol crop gives optimum yield and economic returns if planted during I FN of December at a spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm along with application 150 kg N ha-1 in Southern Agroclimatic Zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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D5326
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