PATHOLOGY OF SODIUM FLUORIDE TOXICITY IN MALE WISTAR ALBINO RATS AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH ALOE VERA WHOLE LEAF EXTRACT
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Date
2012-12
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Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P
Abstract
ABSTRACT :
Fluorosis is a slow, progressive degenerative disorder and a major health problem resulting from long-term consumption of water with high fluoride levels. It is characterized by dental mottling and skeletal manifestations. Sources of fluoride toxicity include feed supplements, mineral mixtures with high fluoride containing rock phosphates, drinking water (deep wells) and consumption of forages grown in fluoride rich soils by livestock.
Chronic fluoride poisoning is known to cause a variety of pathological changes in soft tissues like liver, kidney, brain, gastrointestinal, reproductive and endocrine organs apart from skeletal changes. Nutritional intervention with antioxidant-rich substances is the ultimate goal as antidotes for combating with the health complaints arising from fluorosis. Beneficial influence of vitamin E and vitamin C are well documented in reducing the harmful effects of fluoride and limited information is available regarding the herbal products in ameliorating the NaF toxicity. Aloe vera possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, antibacterial, antitumour, antiulcer, hypoglycemic effects. So the present study is undertaken to investigate NaF toxicity in male wistar albino rats and its amelioration with Aloe vera because of its antioxidant property. The present study was carried out by procuring 72 male Wistar albino rats that were randomly divided into four groups consisting of 18 rats in each group. Sodium Fluoride was gavaged per orally using water as vehicle @ 18mg NaF/ kg body weight to groups II and Aloe Vera @ 200 mg /kg body wt. in distilled water was given along with Sodium Fluoride to group IV for 6 weeks to study ameliorative effects. Group I and III were treated with distilled water and Aloe vera respectively. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at fortnight interval.
Hematologically significant reduction was recorded in the Hb, PCV and mean lymphocyte values and increased TLC and neutrophil count in NaF fed group. Decreased total protein and calcium values and serum creatinine and alkaline phosphatase levels were increased in NaF treated rats. Oxidative damage indicators like SOD, catalase and GPx levels were decreased in liver and kidney of all the NaF treated rats. In aloe ameliorated rats, hemotologically and biochemically significant improvement was observed.
Histopathologically, the liver revealed mild to moderate perivascular and periportal infiltration of MNCs, moderate vesicular fatty change, periportal fibroblast proliferation, extensive bile ductular proliferation in the NaF fed animals. In Aloe vera ameliorated rats, these changes were less intense and by the end of 6th week liver came to near normal appearance.
In kidneys, atrophied and cystic glomeruli, extensive degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells were evident in majority of NaF treated animals. In Aloe vera ameliorated rats, these lesions were less severe.
Bones revealed a decrease in matrix volume and cartilage septae thickness, an increase in the number and diameter of chondrocytes on growth plate and the epiphyseal ossification center, irregular lamellae and irregular, thin and atrophied trabeculae and irregular haversian canals in group II rats. All these changes were mild in aloe vera ameliorated rats.
Cerebrum revealed gliosis and demyelinating changes and in cerebellum, focal loss of purkinje cells in the purkinje cell layer and haemorrhages in granular layer were observed more conspicuously in group II rats. In ameliorated group only mild changes were noticed.
In testes, interstitial edema, desquamation of germinal epithelium and eosiniphillic granular debris in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and necrotic changes were noticed in most of the group II rats. In aloe ameliorated rats, all these changes were mild.
Microscopic examination of heart revealed mild to moderate haemorrhages, sarcolytic changes and mononuclear cell infiltration in between cardiac muscle fibers in most of the group II rats. All these changes were mild in aloe ameliorated rats.
Immunohistochemically, increased expression of osteonectin was observed in osteoid of epiphysis of bone around osteoblasts and inside the growing chondrocytes and it was more conspicuous in NaF treated rats when compared to control and ameliorated group.
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RATS ; SODIUM FLUORIDE TOXICITY ; AMELIORATION ; ALOE VERA