Diagnostic and Therapeutic Methods in Postpartum Endometritis and its Impact on Reproductive Performance in Crossbred Cows
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Date
2018
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MAFSU, Nagpur
Abstract
The present research work was carried out in villages of Nasik and Pune
districts with the aim to compare the efficacy of vaginoscopy, uterine cytology
and lavage methods for diagnosis of endometritis and the use of prostaglandins,
antibiotics and immunomodulator for the treatment of endometritis at 30 ± 2 days
postpartum endometritis affected crossbred. Clinical endometritis was diagnosed by grading of cervico-vaginal mucus
at 0 to 3 scale. The cervico-vaginal mucus score of no discharge, 0, 1, 2 and 3
was observed 21.00, 45.66, 14.61, 10.05 and 8.68 % in cows, respectively. The
incidence of clinical endometritis recorded was 33.33% with score 2 and 3. Cows
without clinical endometritis with cervico-vaginal discharge score of no and score
0, were screened for subclinical endometritis by lavage and cytobrush. From 46 cows with no cervico-vaginal discharge, 6 and 4 cows and from
100 cows from 0 score, 20 and 18 cows were positive for subclinical
endometritis. The incidence of subclinical endometritis was 17.80 % and 15.06 %
by cytobrush and lavage methods, respectively. In score 1, out of 32 cows, five
cows were negative for endometritis by cytology. Out of 72 uterine samples collected, 8 samples were negative for
bacteria. The most frequently isolated bacteria in endometritis affected cows
were E. Coil (41.67 %) followed by, Staphylococcus (25.00 %), Proteus sp.
(10.00 %), Enterobacter sp. (05.00 %), Klebsiella sp. (05.00 %), Pseudomonas
sp. (05.00 %) Streptococcus sp. (01.67 %) and Bacillus sp. (01.67 %). In healthy
cows E. Coli (33.33 %) followed by Staphylococcus sp. (08.33 %), Proteus sp.
(08.33 %) and Streptococcus sp. (08.33 %). The maximum number of isolates
were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime (54.69 % each),
followed by enrofloxacin (40.63 %), gentamicin (39.06 %) and ceftizoxime
(37.50 %). Total 60 cows positive for endometritis were divided equally into 5 groups
(n=12). Group I, cows were injected with metronidazole @ 5-10 mg / kg body
weight intravenously twice a day ceftriaxone @ 10-15 mg / kg body weight, once
a day, intramuscularly for 5 days with 2 injections of PGF2α @ 25mg
intramuscularly, 14 days apart. Group II, with ceftriaxone @ 10-15 mg/kg body
weight once a day for 5 days with single PGF2α @ 25mg intramuscularly. Group
III, ceftriaxone was injected @ 10-15 mg / kg body weight, once a day for 5 days.
In group IV, oyster glycogen @ 500mg in 50 ml phosphate buffer saline was given intra uterine. Group V, as control. Group VI, was healthy control. The
postpartum fertility parameters, first postpartum estrus (days), Number of
insemination per conception (NIPC), first, second and third service conception
rate (%), overall conception rate ( OCR %) and days open (days) were recorded,
which were 55.25 ± 4.46 days, 2.00 ± 0.35, 50.00 (%),33.33 (%),50.00
(%),83.33(%) and 104.92 ± 7.32 days, for group I. For group II, 66.33 ± 4.21
days, 3.83 ± 0.39, 25.00 %, 0.00 %, 22.22 %, 41.66 % and 130.92 ± 9.02 days,
for group III, 68.08 ± 4.30 days, 3.92 ± 0.42, 8.33 %, 9.09 %, 20.00 %, 33.33 %
and 144.08 ± 7.13 days, for group IV, 66.25 ± 5.66 days, 2.92 ± 0.48, 33.33 %,
12.50 %, 28.57 %, 58.33 % and 126.42 ± 9.08 days, for group V, 76.67 ± 5.16
days, 4.16 ± 0.42, 8.33 %, 0.00 %, 27.27 %, 33.33 % and 162.67 ± 8.07 days, for
group VI, 57.83 ± 3.38 days, 2.17 ± 0.34, 33.33 %, 62.50 %, 0.00 %, 75.00 %
and 100.67 ± 8.42 days, respectively. The days of the first postpartum estrus,
days open and NIPC were significantly lower (p<0.05), whereas first service
conception rate and OCR were highest in group I as compared to other groups,
except in group VI the findings were comparable The blood was collected before the treatment and serum glucose (mg/dl),
urea (mg/dl), AST (IU/l), albumin (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl), and phosphorus
(mg/dl) were for group I, 39.00 ± 1.27, 36.42 ± 2.57, 113.61 ± 7.15, 2.71 ± 0.11,
7.74 ± 0.27 and 3.98 ± 0.16, for group II, 45.00 ± 2.33, 35.34 ± 2.10, 21.88 ±
7.44, 2.92 ± 0.12, 7.54 ± 0.14 and 3.89 ± 0.08, for group III, 46.83 ± 2.00, 38.37
± 1.75, 118.13 ± 6.62, 2.85 ± 0.12, 7.53 ± 0.15 and 3.82 ± 0.10, for group IV,
45.92 ± 1.84, 35.36 ± 1.79, 109.34 ± 3.28, 2.58 ± 0.08, 7.22 ± 0.18, and 3.91 ±
0.07, and for group, V 41.25 ± 2.46, 35.29 ± 2.04, 119.52 ± 7.65, 2.78 ± 0.11,
7.34 ± 0.12 and 3.61 ± 0.07, respectively. The corresponding values for all
above metabolites after treatment in group I, were 47.27 ± 1.33, 33.00 ± 1.03,
91.53 ± 3.66, 3.19 ± 0.10, 8.17 ± 0.24 and 4.44 ± 0.17, for group II, 53.75 ±
1.18, 33.67 ± 2.06, 99.30 ± 4.57, 3.30 ± 0.06, 7.89 ± 0.12 and 4.31 ± 0.09, for
group III, 53.67 ± 1.51, 35.28 ± 1.65, 99.94 ± 4.03, 3.32 ± 0.09, 7.96 ± 0.17 and
4.34 ± 0.09, for group IV, 53.50 ± 1.92, 32.08 ± 1.63, 91.88 ± 3.17, 3.12 ± 0.06,
7.70 ± 0.16 and 4.34 ± 0.09, for group V, 44.83 ± 2.27, 32.15 ± 1.79, 103.78 ±
5.66, 3.08 ± 0.11, 7.66 ± 0.13 and 4.11 ± 0.08, and for group VI, 61.75 ± 2.37,
21.52 ± 1.08, 21.52 ± 1.08, 3.65 ± 0.09, 8.80 ± 0.12 and 4.60 ± 0.11,
respectively. In endometritis affected cows showed significantly (p<0.05) lower
serum albumin, glucose, calcium and phosphorous, whereas higher serum urea
and AST level than the healthy cows, which increased significantly after
treatment in all groups, but within the normal physiological range The vaginoscopy is simple, inexpensive, quick and easy to used for field
veterinarians to diagnose clinical endometritis when cervico-vaginal discharge
contains less than 50% white or off - white mucopurulent material and more than
50% purulent material, usually white or yellow, but occasionally sanguineous. But
in no cervico- vaginal discharge, clear or translucent mucus and mucus
containing flackes of white or off-white pus, vaginoscopy failed to diagnose
clinical endometritis. Where cytosmear prepared by cytobrush and lavage
technique were useful in diagnosing the subclinical endometritis. Cytobrush
technique is a more consistent, reliable and quicker method than the uterine
lavage for subclinical endometritis on 30 ± 2 days postpartum, but required more
skilled persons and instruments. The combination of vaginoscopy, cytobrush and
lavage were useful for the accurate diagnosis of endometritis in cows. The more predominant pathogen was E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. and
Proteus sp. ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and cefotxamine were highly effective
antibiotics for the treatment of endometritis. Cows with postpartum endometritis
had significantly low levels of serum albumin, glucose, calcium and phosphorous
than the healthy postpartum cows which increased significantly after treatment in
all groups, but within the normal physiological range. Endometritis affected cows
showed higher serum urea and AST level than the healthy cows which
significantly decrease after the treatment but within the normal range in all the
groups. Non treated endometritis affected cows showed self- healing tendency by
third oestrus cycle. The two doses of prostaglandin treatment at 14 days apart
along with ceftriaxone @ 10 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly and
metronidazole @ 5mg/kg body weight intravenous twice a day for 5 days was
most effective treatment followed by 500 mg oyster glycogen intrauterine were
most effective treatment for endometritis affected cows diagnosed at 30+ 2 days
postpartum.
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