“AMELIORATING POTENTIAL OF PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA AND TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS AGAINST MERCURIC CHLORIDE INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS” 2825
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Date
2019-06
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JAU, JUNAGADH
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the ameliorating potential of
Phyllanthus emblica and Tribulus terrestris against mercuric chloride induced toxicity
in rats. In this study, forty-two male SD rats were divided into seven different groups,
namely normal control group (C1), toxic control group (C2), vehicle control group
(C3), positive control group (C4), Phyllanthus emblica extract group (T1), Tribulus
terrestris extract group (T2) and bi-herbal mixture group (T3). Rats of group C2 was
treated with mercuric chloride at the dose rate of 2 mg/kg, PO for 28 days. In this
study, vitamin E was taken as standard drug and given at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg,
PO for 28 days to C4 group along with mercuric chloride in rats. Rats of T1 and T2
groups were treated with flavonoid rich fraction of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of P.
emblica and saponin rich fraction of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of T. terrestris,
respectively at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg, PO for 28 days along with mercuric
chloride. Rats of T3 group was treated with bi-herbal mixture (100 mg/kg, PO for 28
days).
The efficacy of treatment was assessed based on clinical signs, body weight,
hematological, biochemical alteration, oxidative stress parameters, gross and
histopathological examination of major functional organs. Rats of T1, T2, T3 and C4
groups given mercuric chloride along with P. emblica, T. terrestris, bi-herbal mixture
and vitamin E, respectively did not show any clinical signs. The clinical signs
observed in toxic rats (C2) were inappetance, hair loss, sluggish movement,
depression and diarrhea throughout the period of the experiment. However, there was
observed no mortality in all treatment groups.
Phytochemical analysis of flavonoid rich extract of P. emblica and saponin
rich extract of T. terrestris were showed presence of various phytoconstituents like
flavonoid, saponin, tannin etc. TLC finger print of extracts revealed the presence of
the gallic acid, quercetin and rutin in the P. emblica and protodioscin in the T.
terrestris. The combination of P. emblica and T. terrestris extract shown 55.24 per
cent maximum inhibition of free radical scavenging activity at 9 µg/mL
concentration. The saponin rich fraction of T. terrestris showed maximum inhibition
of albumin denaturation at the dose of 600 µg/ml which possess strong anti inflammatory activity. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were found
highest in P. emblica extract followed by T. terrestris extract.The average feed consumed (g/day/rat) by the rats of all the treatment groups
did not show significant difference during the experiment. The mean body weight (g)
in rats of all the treatment groups increased steady throughout the experimental
period. The sub-acute toxicity effect of mercury on hematological parameter was
characterized by significant (p<0.05) decrease in hemoglobin, packed cell volume,
total erythrocytes count and total leukocyte count. The elevation of those parameter
values restored to normal level when mercuric treated rats with P. emblica, T.
terrestris and their combination treatment. Non-significant change were observed in
mean values of MCHC and MCH in all the treatment groups throughout the
experimental period
A significant (p<0.05) higher in serum AST, ALP, BUN and creatinine were
recorded in mercury treated groups, On the other way there were significantly
decreased serum total protein, albumin. The treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were
restored the biochemical parameter alterations induced by mercury. he exposure of
rats to mercuric chloride induced oxidative damage caused significant a decrease in
GSH level, CAT and SOD activities, significant an increase in MDA level of the
different tissues, which were restored near to normal in rats treated with treatment
groups (T1, T2 and T3). The mercuric chloride intoxicated rats showed significant
decrease in AChE activity when compared to normal control group. The rats treated
with treatment T3 was significantly increased in brain tissues AChE activity when
compared to toxicity group.
Upon gross examination of all major organ (liver, intestine, stomach and
brain), no gross pathological lesions in all treatment groups have been observed while
stomach of the rats of C2 group showed congested and ulcerated as compared to
normal control group. Histopathological findings revealed alterations in different
organs (liver, kidney, intestine and brain) of toxicity group (C2), which was markedly
improved by treatment of P. emblica and T. terrestris and their combination extract.
In conclusion, the administration of P. emblica, T. terrestris and their
combination are effective in preventing hematological, biochemical alterations and
oxidative stress caused by mercuric chloride in rats. Therefore, mercuric chloride
induced toxicity is reduced by the extract of P. emblica, T. terrestris and their
combination. Ameliorating effect of fruit extract of the P. emblica, T. terrestris might
be due to the presence of the active constituents, which possess strong antioxidant
activity and provoke free radical scavenging enzyme system. The administration of P.
emblica, T. terrestris and their combination extract proved to be beneficial in
ameliorating the mercuric chloride-induced toxicity.