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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF WEATHER VARIABLES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA UNDER AGROCLIMATIC CONDITION OF RANCHI
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bipin Sanjay; Pragyan Kumai
    Weather parameters impact crop growth and productivity, with each phenological stage having its own optimal conditions. Understanding these relationships is crucial for sustainable production and productivity, requiring agro-climatological knowledge of individual crops and locations. Agricultural production and productivity of any region is regulated by the prevailing weather and derived agrometeorologicial indices of that area through temperature, Rainfall, Light intensity, Radiation, Sunshine duration and their derived indices such as GDD, HTU and PTU etc. Sowing dates significantly impact chickpea yield, making optimal timing crucial for optimal environmental conditions. Delays in sowing reduce growth period, maturity, and yield. A field experiment entitled was conducted at experimental field at Birsa agricultural university research field. The treatment consist three growing environment viz. 10 November, 25 November, 10 December and 3 varieties viz. JG-14 GNG-1581 Birsa chana 3 were laid out in factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. During the entire crop growing period (45-18th SMW) weather condition. Tmax ranged between 21-39.2°C and Tmin ranged between 3·6-26.4°C with Relative humidity (RH) value of RH1 between 84-88% and RH2 between 68-70%. While the BSS ranged between 0-9.5 hrs/day. Wind speed was 2.5 km/hr having total rainfall of 130.4 mm. The result revealed that days taken for emergence was 11-12 days for Early and normal data and 15-16 days for late sown condition. The duration for attaining different phenophase curtailed to have shorter duration with delay in sowing. Birsa chana 3 has longest duration in all 3 dates of sowing 133, 125 & 116 days with GNG-1581 second least at 131, 124 & 114 days while shortest in JG 14 128, 120 & 110 days to attain physiological maturity. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) was highest in early sown crop and decreased with delay in sowing. Similarly, the accumulated Helio Thermal Unit (HTU) and Photo Thermal Unit (PTU) were made in early sown crops and decreased in delayed sowing condition. GDD, HTU and PTU accumulated by GNG-1581 and Birsa chana 3 were at par with each other while JG-14 has significantly less accumulation. Among the different dates of sowing normal date of sowing achieved greater plant height with no. of branches having higher total dry weight in gms and consisting of maximum numbers of pods. Normal sown variety has the highest yield of 22.05 q/ha with harvest index (HI) of 51% and among varieties GNG-1581 has the yield of 21.92 q/ha with harvest index (HI) of 53%. Higher values of Heat use efficiency (HUE) and Radiation use efficiency (RUE) were obtained under normal sown conditions which showed a decline in early and late sown condition among varieties GNG-1581 has highest HUE and RUE (1.6 kg/ha ℃ days & 1.3 kg/ha/MJ) respectively.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of Weather variables on Growth and Yield of Rice under Ranchi region.
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Shilpi Carol Kujur; Pragyan Kumari
    Agriculture is an integral part of human life. The vulnerability of production and productivity to weather and climatic changes demands usage of improved technologies and crop varieties. Both weather and climate play a lead role in the prevailing environmental conditions, livelihood and socio-economic conditions of a place. Constantly increasing population and shrinking of cultivable land along with increasing weather variability requires the study of various possible methods to obtain maximum yield of crops. The growth and development of crops depend on the combined effect of the genetic composition of crops as well as the prevailing abiotic environmental factors. Crop phenology and its association with weather parameters is a crucial aspect to determine the yield and yield attributes of crop. Phenological development is the most important attribute involved in crop adaptation to varied growing environments. Both, the season length and the relative duration of key phenophases, are critical determinants of grain yield in field crops. The study of agrometeorological indices helps to determine the phenophases of the crop and predict the duration of the same. This in turn establishes a better concept in decision making for selection of appropriate varieties of crops according to the prevailing climatic condition. Field experiments were carried out in kharif season during the year 2022 to study the influence of weather parameters on growth and yield of rice and to determine the suitable variety accordingly. Mean maximum temperature of 32.9°C and mean minimum temperature of 23.2°C was recorded during the entire crop growth period (23rd SMW to 45th SMW). A long dry spell with intermittent rainfall was noticed during the month of June and mid-July. The phenophasic duration was longest in early sown crops and among the three different genotypes, Naveen required the longest duration (125 days) to attain its phenological maturity. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) during physiological maturity was highest in early sown crop and decreased gradually with delay in sowing. Similarly, the accumulated Heliothermal units (HTU) and Photothermal units (PTU) were maximum in the early sown crops and decreased in delayed sowing condition. Among varieties, Naveen accumulated highest GDD, HTU and PTU followed by MTU 1010 and Sahbhagidhan, respectively. Normal sown crops received the highest amount of rainfall (1770.2 mm. to 1776.2 mm.) during their entire crop growth duration, followed by late sown crops (1693.2 mm. to 1770.2 mm.) and early sown crops (1707.4 mm.), respectively. Previous 5 years’ data (2017 to 2022) was used to analyse the correlation of yield and weather parameters during the different phenophases of rice. In Sahbhagidhan, sunshine hours were significantly and positively correlated (r=0.70) during the sowingvegetative phase and significantly negative correlation (r=-0.55) was observed during the vegetative to flowering stage. In the genotype Naveen, rainfall showed significant negative correlation (r=-0.49) during the vegetative-flowering stage and significant positive correlation (r=0.47) during the grain filling-maturity stage. Sunshine hours showed significant negative correlation (r=-0.55) during vegetative-flowering stage in Naveen. MTU 1010 showed significant positive correlation (r=0.47) during the flowering-milking stage. Date of sowing exerted a significant effect on effective tillers per meter square, fertile grains per ear, test weight, total dry matter, grain yield and harvest index of rice. Highest mean yield (44.59 q/ha) was obtained under normal sown condition whereas among varieties, Naveen produced the highest mean yield (44.65 q/ha). Higher values of heat use efficiency (HUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were obtained under normal sown conditions which showed a decline in early and late sown condition. Among genotypes, Naveen recorded highest HUE in normal (2.3 kg/ha/°C) and late sown condition (2.0kg/ha/°C). Similarly, Naveen recorded higher RUE in normal (2.6 g/MJ) and early sown (2.1 g/MJ) condition.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCER GROUPS UNDER JOHAR PROJECT IN KANKE AND CHANHO BLOCK OF RANCHI DISTRICT
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Kamini Kumari; Nargis Kumari
    A Project on Assessment of producer groups under JOHAR Project in Kanke and Chanho block of Ranchi district of Jharkhand under villages Chardi, Boreya, Husir, Gagi and Tendar of Kanke block and Pakariyo, Hondpiri, Hurhuri, Ranichacho and Khutitoli under Chanho block. Thus, altogether (100) Producer group members (respondents) were taken under study for data collection and analysis. The study was undertaken with objectives (i) to study the socio-economic condition of Producer group members (ii) to study the existing marketing scenario of Producer groups (iii) to suggest the marketing strategy for betterment of producer groups. The primary data was collected through field survey and interaction with producer group members and secondary data was collected through journal, book, etc. The socio–economic Condition of Producer Group members were female because Producer Groups is an informal group of women. The study reveals that majority of the respondents were from middle age group (36 to 50 years) and nuclear family was prevailed (67%) as compared to the inception of the project. Majority of the respondents were having semi- pucca housing pattern and having annual income between Rs 50,000-1Lakh per annum (35%), as it was increased by 1% from initiation of project. Majority of the respondents (92%) had electricity as the source of light as compared to the inception of the project. The water facility for drinking and irrigation both through own well and deep boring was increased by 3 and 4%, respectively as compared to initiation of the project whereas from community well for drinking and irrigation purpose, decreased by 4 and 1%, respectively. Regarding sanitation, majority of the respondents having own and government toilet and hence open defecation was decreased by 5% from inception of the project. Before the inception of the JOHAR project direct market was the source of inputs (60%) and output (70%) marketing. But after six years of inception of project, participation in input and output marketing was increased by farmer Producer Company (FPC). Suggestion for Producer Groups members is to do their farming collectively for more production that tends to maximum profit. Number of farmer producer company (FPC) Agrimart should be increased in each block so that Producer groups can get their inputs easily. Information on current market price, price analysis and price forecast through mobile, television and internet should be provided to the producer groups to facilitate them in crop planning and fetching higher price of their produce. Farmer producer Company (FPC) Agrimart should have timely availability of inputs (seed, fertilizer and insecticides/pesticides) so that the Producer groups get the subsidized benefit of that.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Site suitability analysis of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System (GIS) in Ranchi district, Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bharathi. H. J; A. K. Chakraborty
    The present investigation entitled “Site suitability mapping of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing and GIS in Ranchi District, Jharkhand” were carried out using ArcGIS and QGIS with the help of JSAC, Ranchi in the study area during the year 2021-22 with the following objectives: i) To prepare land use/land cover map of Ranchi district using high-resolution satellite data. ii) Preparation of thematic geodata base and ancillary database for site suitability iii) Analysis for site suitability in GIS environment for G. arborea. Multi-criteria approach was used to conduct suitability mapping of G. arborea in Ranchi. Suitability mapping was carried out within the cultivable wasteland sites of Ranchi district, which was masked from the cultivable wasteland map of Ranchi district prepared using two seasons, viz., rabi (Jan–Mar) and kharif (Aug–Nov) Sentinel-II satellite data. Wasteland map of Ranchi was generated at the scale of 1: 50,000 using ArcGIS and QGIS software. Favorable environment conditions/ limitations i.e., slope, soil characteristics viz soil texture, drainage, depth, pH and climatic conditions viz temperature and rainfall were applied for identification of suitable areas for G. arborea plantation. Thematic and geodatabase of all the seven parameters were generated using ArcGIS and QGIS. All the layers, viz., soil, slope and ground water were masked using the cultivable wasteland layer as an input. All these layers were overlaid and integrated to derive a suitability map. For G. arborea plantations, Suitability classes were categorized as follows: (i) land units with no or only four slight limitations: highly suitable, (ii) land units with no more than four moderate limitations: moderately suitable, (iii) land units with more than four moderate limitations and/or one or more severe limitations: marginally suitable, (iv) land units with severe limitations: currently not suitable. Each parameter is assigned with the numbers one to four, highly suitable category of a parameter (e.g., soil texture, slope, groundwater etc.) in a particular area is assigned one followed by a moderately suitable parameter as two, marginally suitable parameter as three and not suitable category of the parameter as four. Area statistics were generated for different suitability classes of wasteland categories developed for Ranchi district. In Ranchi, wasteland occupied 6.49% (330.97 km2) of total geographical area (5097 km2). Forest scrub showed dominance and occupied 57% (188.05 km2) of total wasteland category followed by open scrub having 24% (78.37 km2), degraded land with 19% (61.77 km2) and brick kiln area occupies 1% (2.78 km2).In block-wise distribution of wasteland, Namkum has highest wasteland area of 39.76 km2 followed by Angara (37.60 km2), Tamar (29.98 km2) and the smallest area in Ratu (2.01 km2). Approximately 20% (64.31 km2) of the total cultivable wasteland in Ranchi was identified as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, 16% (53 km2) of the area was categorized as moderately suitable. The largest portion of cultivable wasteland, measuring 128.95 km2, fell under the marginally suitable category, while the not suitable category covered an area of 25% (83.43 km2) of the total area. Within the notified forest area, a highly suitable area of 46.66 km2 was identified for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 31.48 km2, a marginally suitable area of 76.79 km2, and a not suitable area of 43.67 km2.In the non-forest area of Ranchi, the suitability assessment identified an area of 17.65 km2 as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 21.53 km2, a marginally suitable area of 52.16 km2, and a not suitable area of 39.76 km2.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FOREST FIRE ON SOIL AND REGENERATION OF TREE SPECIES IN TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST OF RANCHI FOREST DIVISION, JHARKHAND
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) LEOSH D ALEX; P. Tirkey
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of forest fire on soil and regeneration of tree species in tropical dry deciduous forest of Ranchi forest division, Jharkhand” was conducted in Nawadih beat of Burmu range forest, Ranchi during the year 2022-2023, with the following objectives: (i) To compare the phytosociology and regeneration of tree species under fire affected and unaffected areas of tropical dry deciduous forest. (ii) To understand the influence of forest fire on soil physico-chemical properties in comparison to undisturbed areas of tropical dry deciduous forest. (iii) To evaluate the impact of fire on phytosociology, regeneration of tree species and physico-chemical properties of soil in disturbed and undisturbed areas through correlation studies. For both fire-affected and -unaffected sites, ten quadrats were laid. Using information from the Jharkhand Forest Department, the plots for fire-affected areas were located. The research was carried out in dry deciduous forests in various vegetation layers. To lay the quadrats, the simple random sampling approach was adopted. Based on estimates using the species area curve method, 12 m × 12 m quadrats were considered for trees; two 5 m x 5 m sub-plots were considered for shrubs; five 2 m x 2 m sub-plots were considered for regeneration; and five 1 m x 1 m sub-plots were considered for herbs within the main quadrat. The variations in the structure, diversity, and composition of the vegetation in the different layers were measured. At the fire-undisturbed site, a total tree density of 1546 trees per hectare were observed, while the investigation at the fire-disturbed site recorded a total of 1384 trees per hectare. The overall tree basal area ranged from 41.59 to 43.79 m2 per hectare. Shrub encounters amounted to 2260 individuals per hectare at the undisturbed site, whereas the disturbed site documented 2580 shrubs per hectare. The cumulative shrub basal area varied from 3.00 to 3.72 m2 per hectare. For herbs, 1,89,400 individuals per hectare were identified at the undisturbed site, compared to 2,85,000 individuals per hectare at the disturbed site. The overall herb basal area ranged from 0.86 to 0.93 m2 per hectare. Shorea robusta exhibited the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) in the tree layer at both sites. Meanwhile, Eupatorium odoratum displayed the highest IVI among shrubs at both sites, and at the undisturbed and disturbed sites, Cynodon dactylon and Chrysopogon aciculatus demonstrated the highest IVI among herbs, respectively. Concerning regeneration, the sites unaffected by fire exhibited a favorable status with 58% of tree species displaying good regeneration, 26% regenerating fairly, and 16% showing no signs of regeneration. In contrast, at fire-affected sites, 53% of tree species showcased good regeneration, 24% displayed poor regeneration, and 23% recorded no regeneration. The diversity analysis of regeneration indicated a density range of 2200 to 9700 individuals per hectare. In the sub-whippy layer, the undisturbed site registered 7300 individuals per hectare compared to 2200 individuals per hectare at the disturbed site. In the recruits’ layer, 9700 individuals per hectare were observed at the undisturbed site, while the disturbed site recorded 3100 individuals per hectare. Shorea robusta exhibited the highest dominance with an Importance Value Index (IVI) ranging from 61.44 to 113.94 across all regeneration layers at both undisturbed and disturbed sites. The Shannon index exhibited a range of 1.659 to 2.328 for regeneration and 1.986 to 2.865 for the phytosociology of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Concentration of dominance varied between 0.746 to 0.874 for regeneration and 0.761 to 0.937 for the phytosociology of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Equitability spanned from 0.793 to 0.923 for regeneration and 0.734 to 0.957 for trees, shrubs, and herbs. Species richness displayed a range of 0.852 to 1.574 for regeneration and 0.891 to 2.451 for trees, shrubs, and herbs. The soil analysis results (0 to 15 cm depth) for both sites revealed significant disparities in physico-chemical properties. Notably, differences were observed in bulk density (1.35 for the fire-undisturbed site and 1.42 for the fire-disturbed site), soil moisture content (7.08% for the undisturbed site and 4.45% for the disturbed site), soil pH (5.36 for the fire-undisturbed site and 5.11 for the fire-disturbed site), soil organic carbon (0.42% for the fire-undisturbed site and 0.33% for the fire-disturbed site), available nitrogen (247.74 kg ha-1 for the fire-undisturbed site and 206.98 kg ha-1 for the fire-disturbed site), available phosphorous (7.28 kg ha-1 for the fire-undisturbed site and 3.62 kg ha-1 for the fire-disturbed site), and available potassium (205.86 kg ha-1 for the fire-undisturbed site and 187.71 kg ha-1 for the fire-disturbed site). Additionally, soil texture was identified as sandy loam at both sites, with variations in textural fractions, specifically a lower value of clay fraction at the fire-disturbed site. The soil color for both sites was recorded as reddish-yellow, with the fire-affected site displaying a lower value of chroma. According to the Pearson correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation between the basal areas of established, woody, whippy, and sub-whippy regeneration and the density of established (r = 0.989**), woody (r = 0.963**), whippy (r = 0.938**), and sub-whippy regeneration (r = 0.961**) respectively. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between available phosphorus and soil moisture content (r = -0.809**), as well as between available nitrogen and the basal area of herbs (r = -800**). The findings of the current study indicate that fire disturbance has a considerable impact on the regeneration, soil physico-chemical properties, and phytosociology of shrubs and herbs. Consequently, there is a pressing need for collaborative efforts from both governmental organizations and local communities to preserve the indigenous diversity of Jharkhand's forests.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Cultural And Nitrogen Management in Wheat in Rice-Wheat Sequence
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1986) U. N. Verma; U. K. Verma
    Studies on cultural and nitrogen management in wheat in rice-wheat sequence were made in two sets of experiments conducted at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Kanke, Ranchi. The first set of experiments was conducted in split plot design replicated three times during rabi seasons of 1982-83 and 1983 84. Treatment combinations consisted of two conditions of tillage (zero and optimum tillage) and four levels of nitrogen (25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha) in main plot and four times of nitrogen application (all basal, 1/2 basal + 1/2 at CRI, 1/2 basal + 1/2 at boot and 1/3 basal + 1/3 at CRI + 1/3 at boot) in sub plot. The second set of experiment was conducted in a factorial randomi seed block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of combination of two tillage conditions (zero and optimum tillage) and three methods of weed control (unweeded check, two hand hoeings at 15 and 30 days after sowing and post-emergence application of 2,4-D at the rate of 1 kg a.e. ha). Wheat variety tested was Sonalika. The soil of the experimental plot was loam to silt loam in texture, medium in fertility and acidic reaction. Ploughing reduced bulk density and organic carbon content of soil but it had no effect on germination and seed ling establishment of wheat. Number of weeds m -2 was higher under optimum tilled plots but dry weight of weeds was greater under zero tillage. Untilled plots showed comparatively lower dry weight of roots at maximum tillering stage, however, the difference was gradually reduced at flowering. But for number of effective tillers no other yield attribute was markedly affected by Variation in tillage condition. Grain yields from optimum tilted plots were only 7 to 10 per cent more than that from the zero tilled plots (direct drilling of wheat in between two rows of rice stubbles). Energy use efficiency (BUB), grain energy productivity (g wheat MJ1) and benefit cost ratio on the other hand, were greater under zero tillage condition. Consumptive water use was higher under optimum tilled plots than under zero tilled plots. Consumptive use rate , increased from seedling to boot stage and then declined gradually during maturity. Crop responded well to nitrogen application up to 100 kg ha. Best indices of yield attributes, higher grain and straw yields, better uptake of nitrogen, higher EUS, energy productivity, net profit and benefit cost ratio were obtained when 50 per cent nitrogen was applied basal and 50 per cent at CRI stage. Late application of nitrogen at boot stage increased the test weight of thousand grains and protein con tent of grain .
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Some Aspects of Caprine Mycoplasmasmosis
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1987) Anup Bhaumik; B. B. Verma
    The present study was conducted on some aspects of caprine mycoplasmosis. The salient features of the investigation were: 1. The incidence of Mycoplasma species in natural cases of pneumonia in kids was found to be 20.7 percent. This was lower than found earlier by other workers. The present result indicated that control and preventive measures taken against the infection were effective. 2. Two mycoplasmas ware isolated from these cases: M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (81.8 %) and Marginini (18.2 %). 3. The strain of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides isolated from clinical cases was found to be highly pathogenic as it produced mycoplasmia in mice and a typical disease of broncho-pneumonia in kids. All the kids died between 8 and 16 days post inoculation, showing symptoms of acute pneumonia. 4. The nasal discharge of experimentally infected kids was found positive for . mycoiden subsp. mycoides on 6th day post inoculation and remained positive till the kids died. 5. Agglutinins appeared on 12th day post inoculation in 2 kids and in 3 Kidson 14th day. Thus agglutination test was not found sensitive test to detect, agglutinins or diagnose the disease at the earlier stage.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Experimental Studies on oral fluid Therapy in Goats Diarrheic Goats
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1987) Abdul Salam Osmani; R. P. Sinha
    The opidemiological investigation revealed that the majority of goats suffered from diarrhea when they approached lush green grasses. The overall incidence of diarchoae in adult goats was 16.3% in a population of 350 goats. The analysis of different causative agents of diarrhoea indicated 59.65% of goats suffered from diarrhoes due to bacteria, 10.52% due to haemonchus infection, 3-51% due to trichuris infection, 3.52 due to trichostrongylus infection and 22.81% due to dietetic errors. Among the bacteria E coli was the onlyisolates from diarrheic goats. All isolates of g coli ware tested biochemically and the serotypes 024 025 °45′ °54' °61 °121* °138 148 and untypable strains were isolatad, out of which only 028 and 045 serotypes were found highly pathogenic. Majority of E. coli strains ware sensitive to chloramphenicol. Diarrhea vas induced in goats by administering magnesium sulphate which caused gradual loss of body weight and on day 9 of diarrhea there was 10.54 ± 1-24 to 10.58 1.32% loss of body weight. Such a model to study the fluid volume and electrolyte losses in adult ruminants, as a result of diarrhoea was made for the first time. Significant rise of packed cell volume (0.37 0.009 to 0.38 0.013 1/1) from normal 0.29 0.010 to 0.32 0.012 1/1 was noted significant fall of blood pH (7.08 0.051 to 7.16± 0.021) in diarmhoaic goats was noted on day 9 of diarrhoea
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Contagious Caprine Pleuropnemonia with Particular reference to its Sero- Prevalence Determination by Complement fixation test
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1982) Gopal Singh Kansam; B. B. Verma
    Present investigation was carried out to map out of the prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia of kids in ICAR Coat Unit, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi and goats of Menipur, in order to map out its prevalence a total of 218 goats from Cost Unit of Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi and Spon five districts of Manipur were studied. Out of 163 goats from ICAR Goat Unit, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi, 71 were Black Bengal, 92 were cross-bred (Block senal x Jamunopori), 52 were mole, 111 female, 60 vere 0-3 months of age, 58 were 3-6 months of age and 37 were 6 months above. Serum samples were collected from each of 163 goats. These were tested for complement fixing antibodies using Mycoplama Acalacting antigen. The distribution of goats showing highest or antibodies according to age, sex and breed indicated that more younger kids of 0-3 months (35.2) were highly significant than the kids of 3-6 months (31%) and 6 months above (21.6 s). There was no significant difference as far as sex was concerned. Similarly, no significant difference was also observed in the two breed groups of pure Black Bengal and Cross bred (Black Dangel x Jamunapari). A comparison of reactor rates to different categories of animals suggested that the contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCFF) was exclusively confined to the goat population irrespective of age, sex and breed of the animale.