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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT BLACKGRAM VARIETIES UNDER BIJASAL (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) BASED AGRISILVICULTURE SYSTEM
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Mini Bharti; P.R. Oraon)
    The gains of agroforestry research till date are certainly impressive. There are good number of success stories where tree based cropping systems have yielded good results. Keeping above facts in view, the present investigation entitled “Comparative study of different Blackgram varieties under Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) based Agrisilviculture System” was carried out at Agroforestry Research Field, RVC Campus, B.A.U. Kanke, Ranchi during kharif season 2022. Objectives of the research; evaluate the performance of the different varieties of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system, to study the growth performance of Pterocarpus marsupium and assess the soil fertility status before sowing and after harvest of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system. The field was laid out with Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 4 replication and 9 treatments viz.T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1), T2 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-2), T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109), T4 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Uttara), T5 - Sole Pterocarpus marsupium, T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1, T7 - Sole Birsa Urd-2, T8 - Sole WBU-109 and T9 - Sole Uttara. Growth of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) was influenced positively with intervention of intercrops as it is seen in the growth parameters the increment in height (52.42 cm) of Pterocarpus marsupium was maximum and observed significantly superior in treatment combination T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1) which was statistically at par with treatments T4and T2 with minimum value recorded in treatment T5. The maximum increment in collar diameter (0.69 cm) and number of branches (3.52) showed better results in T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The maximum canopy spread (54.65 cm) and (55.17 cm) in EW and NS direction was achieved in treatment combination T1 Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) with intercrop showed better results than sole plant. The yield parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo) crops were found maximum (13.76 q ha-1) in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1which was significantly higher than T9, T7, T1 and T4. Here crops growth was also influenced positively under woody component but yield attributes and yield of crops were found more in sole crop treatment than under woody component might be due to initial age of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) plants. The soil of intercropping showed significantly better than the sole crop. There was significant effect on soil pH (5.3), available nitrogen (356 kg ha-1) and available phosphorus (11.6 kg ha-1) was recorded maximum in treatment T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1)with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. Benefit cost ratio was maximum in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1 (2.76) and minimum was found in T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109) (1.45). In future Intercrops will be a source of additional income to the growers rather keeping the interspace fallow. The financial benefits were more in the intercropping system as compare to the sole cropping systems, and it may reduce the risk of crop failure and compensate the return from the trees. So, based on the findings of my present investigation, Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) in its initial age gives so much positive results under leguminous crops. It will surely beneficial through intercrop for long years. Black gram cultivation, strengthens the soil nutrients as black grams are known for imparting nitrogen content to soil and improve the soil fertility. Therefore, significant effects were seen on soil pH, available nitrogen and available phosphorus with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. These results are only indicative and require further experimentation to derive more consistent and final conclusion.However, further studies are needed to screen various other cultivated crops of the region to find out compatible crops, which could be complementary in this system.Furthermore, there is a need to evolve Blackgram varieties suitable for inter cultivation in such a system as the trees matures and attains harvestable age. By combining suitable complementary variety along with tree farming the production level of both grain and timber can be sustained.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Adity Isha Prachi Tirkey; B.C. Oraon
    Bamboo is a perennial plant belonging to the Poaceae (sometimes called Gramineae) family. In terms of taxonomy, it is considered as a giant grass. Bamboo is regarded as one of the most important non-timber forest products in terms of total production. Bamboo was used to produce a variety of household and light construction applications at a low cost, earning it the moniker "poor man's timber". Keeping above facts in view ,the present investigation entitled “Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes” was carried out at in Forest Conservation, Afforestation, Research and Evaluation at Garkhatanga, Namkum in Ranchi district between the months of July and December, 2022. Objective of the Research were: 1. To study the comparative growth and yield performance of different bamboo species grown in acidic soil 2. To study the comparative soil physical and chemical properties under bamboo species clumps 3. To study the comparative economics of different bamboo species. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) , consisting of 3 replication and 8 treatment viz. T1 –Bambusa vulgaris; T2- Melocana bacifera; T3- Bambusa bambos; T4- Dendrocalamus strictus; T5- Dendrocalamus longispathus; T6- Phyllostachys aureosulcata; T7- Dendrocalamus giganteus and T8-Bambusa balcooa. There were significant as well as non-significant differences for various growth and yield parameters. The maximum height increment after six month was noticed 7.14m in T1-Bambusa vulgaris. The order of increment % at 6 month interval of height of bamboo culms was found as T2T2 >T5>T3>T6>T8>T7. So, based on the above findings, The most effective result for the growth parameter i.e. height, diameter, no. of culm, new emerging shoot and volume (yield) was found best in T1- Bambusa vulgaris. The increment percentage (%) in term of height, length of internodes, basal area was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus as compared to other bamboo species. The soil physical character i.e. soil pH, soil organic carbon content (%) was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus, available nitrogen and available potassium was found best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and available phosphorus was found best in T3-Bambusa bamboo. The economics of bamboo cultivation in term of net return and benefit cost ratio was observed best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and T4-Dendrocalamus strictus. Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus were found to be well suited to the Ranchi climate. Further research needs to be followed for more details and more no. of Bamboo species to be compatible to Ranchi climate. Implementation of these researches will be beneficial to uplift the rural economy of farmers and living standard of farmers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SOIL AND RAINFALL BASED CROP PLANNING OF DHANBAD DISTRICT IN JHARKHAND
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Chandan Kumar Mandal; Ramesh Kumar
    n have adverse effect on agricultural production. Jharkhand is located in the eastern region of India and agriculture is the mainstay for the people. The primary source of irrigation for agricultural production in most parts of Jharkhand is rainfall. Therefore, the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall plays a vital role in the agriculture activities. keeping these facts in view the present study was undertaken for crop planning based on soil and rainfall characteristics of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand. Soil samples collected from 10 blocks of Dhanbad at a depth 0-30cm were analyzed for various physical properties (viz. soil texture, bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity) and chemical properties (pH, organic carbon, available N, P and K). Daily rainfall data for 20 years (2002-2021) collected for all blocks of Dhanbad district were analyzed for weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual distribution and other, viz. meteorological drought, initial and conditional probabilities, agricultural drought, and incomplete gamma probability, were computed using software (Weather Cock v1.0) developed by the coordinating unit of AICRP on Agrometeorology, CRIDA, Hyderabad. The soils were nearly coarse in texture, mostly sandy loam in all of the blocks were observed. Bulk density and other soil moisture retention parameters (FC, PWP and Avl. water) followed the trend of mechanical separates and the textural class. Wide fluctuations in soil reaction were observed among the blocks. It varied from highly acidic (4.6) to neutral (7.7) in the blocks of Dhanbad. Fertility level in terms of organic carbon was in low to medium (1.7- 7.3 g kg-1 ), available N from low to medium (125 - 470 kg ha-1 ), available P from low to high (4.3-27.3 kg ha-1 ), and available K from low to medium (53.7 to 275.3 kg ha-1 ) was observed in all the block. Annual and Monsoonal rainfall showed an increasing trend ranging from 1.7 to 24.9 mm yr-1 and 0.4 to 18.9 mm yr-1 in most of the blocks, respectively. Among the seasons, monsoon received maximum rain 82.7 per cent, and only 17.3 per cent of rain was received in the remaining three seasons (post monsoon, winter & summer). Rainfall variability in (CV%) was noticed maximum in rabi season (172.9-237.9 %) than in Kharif (48.1-73.2 %). Initial and conditional probability in terms of P(W) and P(W/W) above 0.5 level for 20 mm rain has been observed from 25 to 39 SMW in most of the blocks. The 50 mm limit has been observed from 26-34 SMW in Topchachi and Govindpur whereas rest of the blocks have a limit of 27-38 SWM. The meteorological drought severity was analyzed for all 10 blocks indicated that Purvi tundi faced only 2 years of severe drought while other blocks had 1 year of severe drought. Moderate drought was observed maximum of 6 years in Tundi block, while (1-5 years) moderate drought was observed in the rest of the blocks. Between 13 to 18 years, no drought was observed in any of the blocks. Early (22-28 SMW), middle (29-35 SMW) and late (36-42 SMW) season agricultural drought was observed maximum in Baghmara (i.e., 12 years), Tundi and Purvi tundi (11 years) and Egarkund (10 years). The remaining blocks were experienced early, middle, and late agricultural drought (6 to 9 years). Early and late season agricultural drought was seen in all blocks of Dhanbad district. Gamma distribution of rainfall at five levels (90, 75, 50, 20 & 10 %) clearly indicated that annual rain is close to 50 percent probability in all blocks of Dhanbad. Crop growing environments in terms of soil characteristics and weather variables were analyzed separately for all 10 blocks. Planning of crops with suitable varieties was identified for normal, early, mid and late drought conditions based on rainfall characteristics, temperature, humidity, and soil parameters for kharif and early rabi season crops. Crop planning were classified according to early, mid and late drought conditions in each land situations (i e., upland, medium land & lowland). In the upland and medium land crops like Pigeon pea, Maize, Black gram, Green gram, Sesame, Horse gram, Cowpea, Dolichos bean, Brinjal, Chilli, Okra, Radish, have been suggested to grow as a sole or with intercropping. In the lowland situation majorly rice cultivation were suggested.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC STUDIES ON THREE F2 POPULATIONS OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) USING MOLECULAR MARKERS
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Jenny Priya Ekka; Krishna Prasad
    The selection of superior genotypes highly depends on the genetic information obtained from the segregant’s relatives and some from their own performance for particular traits, which are expressed throughout their growth period. Any research stand firm on the building blocks of the variation observed in the raw materials and the knowledge of genetics. The phenotypic selection is directly proportional to the additively genetic basis of the observed variance, which Due to the manifold effects of the genes controlling the polygenic trait, the selection becomes complicated. As well as continuously changing climate, sometimes vague, and sometimes erroneously ideal, often causes the improvement resulting from selection to be much less effective than what could be achieved. The accumulation of genetic knowledge about the traits their interaction among themselves and the environment around them, justifies an exploration of better selection criteria for solving this problem for one trait at a time or for several traits with an independent culling level for each trait. The present work use of combined selection for assessment of F2 segregants using various indexes, estimators of individual additive genetic value, which consider the phenotypic value of the individual and the mean phenotypic value of the individual family and with view of the necessity of drought tolerant varieties, the present research programme is proposed utilizing new cross combination made between Naveen x IR64 Drt1, IR 36 x BVD 111 and IR 64 Drt1 x Vandana. Grown in three different blocks containing three different fertilizer dosage for identification of superior segregants that have lesser duration, consumer preferable grain types and high yield under water stress condition also. In the study the coefficient of variation was higher for yield characters like number of tillers, flag leaf area (cm2), number of panicles per plant, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of filled grains, number of unfilled grains, biomass, grain test (1000) weight (g) and yield per plant (g) in all the 3 crosses even in the 3 different blocks. For the root traits all the root characters under study like total root length (cm), projected root area (cm2), number of root tips per plant, number of root segments, average root diameter (mm), root volume (cm3) and root dry weight (g) also had wide range of variation. From the study of skewness characters like number of tillers, number of panicles per plant, number of chaffy seeds, biomass per plant, yield per plant, pulled root length, number of root tips, number of root segments, root volume and average root diameter showed complementary gene action through positive skewness for each of the cross. In all the cross number of tillers as found to had Platykutosis showing involvement of many genes. Among all the crosses number tillers, number of grains, total number of spikelets, projected root surface area and root dry weight were observed to have positive highly significant correlation with plant yield. The grain phosphorous observed to have lower and desirable grain content in F2 progenies of cross 3 (IR 36 xBVD11). From the molecular study there was an observed segregation distortion, due to which the deviation of the F2 progenies in the 3 crosses were deviated to either the maternal or the paternal side, which was observed for chromosome 6 and chromosome 2 for all the root length, root-shoot ratio, root volume, dry root weight, and fresh root weight for drought tolerances. The segregants having found homozygous or heterozygous for the concerned molecular marker for the root traits can be affirmative for the presences of the desirable gene and thus can be selected for superior root traits and similarity with only one parents
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GEO-REFERENCING AND ASSESSMENT OF MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY OF KALMEGH UNDER IN VIVO CONDITIONS IN JHARKHAND
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) MADHURA M S; Jai Kumar
    In light of the global utilization of wild medicinal plants for pharmaceutical purposes, it has become imperative to search for medicinal plants that yield high biochemical contents. The secondary metabolites produced in Kalmegh are the result of environmental and edaphic conditions in which it grows and it becomes essential to identify the reasons that contribute towards maximum biochemical production in Kalmegh. The agro climatic sub-zone V of Jharkhand is considered as relatively superior for higher yield and biochemical contents production of Kalmegh, hence the present research was undertaken to corroborate the hypothesis and assist the region in securing a Geographical Indication (GI) tag with the following objectives (i) To assess morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (ii) To conduct geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (iii) To analyze the traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions to screen out striking factors contributing towards the uniqueness of Kalmegh. The experiment comprised a total of 50 treatments which consisted of three replications and 30 plant samples in each treatment. The number of treatments from agro climatic sub-zone V, IV and VI were forty, five and five respectively. For each location, the coordinates and altitude were recorded, plant growth and yield parameters were measured and soil samples were collected for further analysis. HPLC analysis of plant samples was carried out at CIMAP, Lucknow. Meteorological data was collected for the plant growth period until harvest. Geo-referencing and grid mapping of diversity was carried out using DIVA-GIS (Version 7.5). Statistical analysis was carried out using OPSTAT and INDOSTAT. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf length, mean leaf width, mean length of internodes, mean number of internodes, andrographolide percentage and neo-andrographolide percentage in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean plant height, mean stem diameter, mean number of primary branches, mean fresh weight/plant, mean dry weight/plant, mean leaf weight/plant, mean stem weight/plant, and mean leaf stem ratio between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean number of primary branches, mean leaf length, mean leaf width and mean length of internodes in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf lamina width between the germplasm collected at agro climatic sub-zone IV & V. Maximum plant height was recorded at T2-Kujram (71.14 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (66.36 cm), while maximum stem diameter was recorded at T2-Kujram (5.35 mm) followed by T1-Tarub (4.79 mm). Maximum number of primary branches/plant was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (4.57) followed by T4-Kujram (4.40) and maximum leaf lamina length was recorded at T4-Kujram (4.72 cm) followed by T5-Dangiadagh (4.56 cm). Maximum leaf lamina width was recorded at T4- Kujram (2.04 cm) followed by T10-Remta (2.00 cm) and maximum length of internodes was recorded at T2-Kujram (4.43 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (4.35 cm). Maximum number of internodes was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (17.40) followed by T4-Kujram (16.73) while maximum fresh weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (61.17 g) followed by T4-Kujram (59.90 g). Maximum dry weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (13.68 g) followed by T1-Tarub (13.29 g) and maximum leaf weight/plant was recorded at T1-Tarub (6.85 g) followed by T2-Kujram (6.35 g). Maximum leaf stem ratio was recorded at T36-Dulli (1.46) followed by T1-Tarub (1.43). Maximum andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (1.98%) followed by T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%) and maximum neo-andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (0.41%) followed by T18-Chikor (0.30%). Correlation analysis of andrographolide content of Kalmegh with growth and yield parameters, climatic parameters, soil physical and chemical parameters revealed andrographolide content showed highly positive significant correlation with leaf stem ratio (0.762), leaf weight per plant (0.640), leaf width (0.578), dry weight per plant (0.567), stem weight per plant (0.550), fresh weight per plant (0.540), plant height (0.524), leaf length (0.512), and number of internodes (0.508). Highly significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was seen with the altitude of the collection area (0.485). Significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was observed with sand percentage of soil (0.399) and bulk density of soil (0.415), but significant negative correlation with water holding capacity of soil (-0.457). Further andrographolide content showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus of soil (0.631) and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium of soil (0.420). Regression analysis of growth parameters showed that the plant height, number of internodes, dry weight/plant and leaf weight/plant of Kalmegh had significant positive impact on its andrographolide content while, regression analysis of climatic factors with growth, yield and biochemical parameters showed significant impact of leaf weight/plant, mean temperature and altitude on its andrographolide content. Regression analysis of soil physical parameters showed significant impact of leaf width and leaf weight/plant on andrographolide content while, regression analysis of soil chemical parameters showed significant impact of plant height, leaf weight/plant, leaf stem ratio, organic carbon of soil and available potassium of soil on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of biochemical factors with growth and yield factors of Kalmegh revealed the highest positive direct impact of dry weight/plant (5.178) followed by leaf weight/plant (4.161) on its andrographolide content. Again, path value analysis of climatic factors revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (1.915) followed by altitude (0.514) on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of soil physical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.918) followed by plant height (0.436) on andrographolide content, while path value analysis of soil chemical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.713) followed by plant height (0.559) on its andrographolide content. As regards to the first objective namely, morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width, length of internodes, number of internodes, andrographolide content and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh, whereas, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches/plant, fresh weight/plant, dry weight/plant, leaf weight/plant, stem weight/plant, and leaf stem ratio of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of primary branches/plant, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width and length of internodes of Kalmegh, whereas, significant difference between ACZ IV & V was observed only in leaf lamina width of Kalmegh. Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (1.98%), T20 -Bhanrra (1.96%), T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%), T41-Patratu valley (1.87%). Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high neo-andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (0.41%), T18- Chikor (0.30%), T19-Bhanrra (0.30%), T20-Bhanrra (0.30%). As regards to the second objective namely, geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, it may be concluded through grid mapping of 50 Kalmegh germplasm that the agro climatic sub-zone V exhibited a higher level of superiority with respect to growth, yield and biochemical contents when compared to the other two sub-zones of Jharkhand. As regards to the third objective namely, traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions, following conclusion can be drawn, andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with altitude (0.485), which shows that the biochemical content may be found in higher amount at higher altitudes. Andrographolide contents of Kalmegh showed positive significant correlation with bulk density (0.415) and sand percentage (0.399). The andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus (0.631), and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium (0.420), whereas andrographolide content showed a negative non-significant correlation with soil pH, silt percentage and clay percentage of soil. Analysis of 50 Kalmegh germplasm revealed that the most significant factors contributing to the diversity of Kalmegh were fresh weight/plant (36.73%), dry weight/plant (11.76%), and leaf weight/plant (10.04%) respectively. The current study suggests that the agro climatic sub-zone V in Jharkhand exhibits superior growth & yield as well as biochemical production of Kalmegh. To strengthen these findings, further investigations, such as expanding the sample size in experiments and conducting molecular analyses on Kalmegh can be conducted. These analyses will contribute to the assertion that sub-zone V is the most suitable candidate for obtaining a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in relation to biochemical, growth and yield production of Kalmegh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF WEATHER VARIABLES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA UNDER AGROCLIMATIC CONDITION OF RANCHI
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bipin Sanjay; Pragyan Kumai
    Weather parameters impact crop growth and productivity, with each phenological stage having its own optimal conditions. Understanding these relationships is crucial for sustainable production and productivity, requiring agro-climatological knowledge of individual crops and locations. Agricultural production and productivity of any region is regulated by the prevailing weather and derived agrometeorologicial indices of that area through temperature, Rainfall, Light intensity, Radiation, Sunshine duration and their derived indices such as GDD, HTU and PTU etc. Sowing dates significantly impact chickpea yield, making optimal timing crucial for optimal environmental conditions. Delays in sowing reduce growth period, maturity, and yield. A field experiment entitled was conducted at experimental field at Birsa agricultural university research field. The treatment consist three growing environment viz. 10 November, 25 November, 10 December and 3 varieties viz. JG-14 GNG-1581 Birsa chana 3 were laid out in factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. During the entire crop growing period (45-18th SMW) weather condition. Tmax ranged between 21-39.2°C and Tmin ranged between 3·6-26.4°C with Relative humidity (RH) value of RH1 between 84-88% and RH2 between 68-70%. While the BSS ranged between 0-9.5 hrs/day. Wind speed was 2.5 km/hr having total rainfall of 130.4 mm. The result revealed that days taken for emergence was 11-12 days for Early and normal data and 15-16 days for late sown condition. The duration for attaining different phenophase curtailed to have shorter duration with delay in sowing. Birsa chana 3 has longest duration in all 3 dates of sowing 133, 125 & 116 days with GNG-1581 second least at 131, 124 & 114 days while shortest in JG 14 128, 120 & 110 days to attain physiological maturity. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) was highest in early sown crop and decreased with delay in sowing. Similarly, the accumulated Helio Thermal Unit (HTU) and Photo Thermal Unit (PTU) were made in early sown crops and decreased in delayed sowing condition. GDD, HTU and PTU accumulated by GNG-1581 and Birsa chana 3 were at par with each other while JG-14 has significantly less accumulation. Among the different dates of sowing normal date of sowing achieved greater plant height with no. of branches having higher total dry weight in gms and consisting of maximum numbers of pods. Normal sown variety has the highest yield of 22.05 q/ha with harvest index (HI) of 51% and among varieties GNG-1581 has the yield of 21.92 q/ha with harvest index (HI) of 53%. Higher values of Heat use efficiency (HUE) and Radiation use efficiency (RUE) were obtained under normal sown conditions which showed a decline in early and late sown condition among varieties GNG-1581 has highest HUE and RUE (1.6 kg/ha ℃ days & 1.3 kg/ha/MJ) respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of Weather variables on Growth and Yield of Rice under Ranchi region.
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Shilpi Carol Kujur; Pragyan Kumari
    Agriculture is an integral part of human life. The vulnerability of production and productivity to weather and climatic changes demands usage of improved technologies and crop varieties. Both weather and climate play a lead role in the prevailing environmental conditions, livelihood and socio-economic conditions of a place. Constantly increasing population and shrinking of cultivable land along with increasing weather variability requires the study of various possible methods to obtain maximum yield of crops. The growth and development of crops depend on the combined effect of the genetic composition of crops as well as the prevailing abiotic environmental factors. Crop phenology and its association with weather parameters is a crucial aspect to determine the yield and yield attributes of crop. Phenological development is the most important attribute involved in crop adaptation to varied growing environments. Both, the season length and the relative duration of key phenophases, are critical determinants of grain yield in field crops. The study of agrometeorological indices helps to determine the phenophases of the crop and predict the duration of the same. This in turn establishes a better concept in decision making for selection of appropriate varieties of crops according to the prevailing climatic condition. Field experiments were carried out in kharif season during the year 2022 to study the influence of weather parameters on growth and yield of rice and to determine the suitable variety accordingly. Mean maximum temperature of 32.9°C and mean minimum temperature of 23.2°C was recorded during the entire crop growth period (23rd SMW to 45th SMW). A long dry spell with intermittent rainfall was noticed during the month of June and mid-July. The phenophasic duration was longest in early sown crops and among the three different genotypes, Naveen required the longest duration (125 days) to attain its phenological maturity. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) during physiological maturity was highest in early sown crop and decreased gradually with delay in sowing. Similarly, the accumulated Heliothermal units (HTU) and Photothermal units (PTU) were maximum in the early sown crops and decreased in delayed sowing condition. Among varieties, Naveen accumulated highest GDD, HTU and PTU followed by MTU 1010 and Sahbhagidhan, respectively. Normal sown crops received the highest amount of rainfall (1770.2 mm. to 1776.2 mm.) during their entire crop growth duration, followed by late sown crops (1693.2 mm. to 1770.2 mm.) and early sown crops (1707.4 mm.), respectively. Previous 5 years’ data (2017 to 2022) was used to analyse the correlation of yield and weather parameters during the different phenophases of rice. In Sahbhagidhan, sunshine hours were significantly and positively correlated (r=0.70) during the sowingvegetative phase and significantly negative correlation (r=-0.55) was observed during the vegetative to flowering stage. In the genotype Naveen, rainfall showed significant negative correlation (r=-0.49) during the vegetative-flowering stage and significant positive correlation (r=0.47) during the grain filling-maturity stage. Sunshine hours showed significant negative correlation (r=-0.55) during vegetative-flowering stage in Naveen. MTU 1010 showed significant positive correlation (r=0.47) during the flowering-milking stage. Date of sowing exerted a significant effect on effective tillers per meter square, fertile grains per ear, test weight, total dry matter, grain yield and harvest index of rice. Highest mean yield (44.59 q/ha) was obtained under normal sown condition whereas among varieties, Naveen produced the highest mean yield (44.65 q/ha). Higher values of heat use efficiency (HUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were obtained under normal sown conditions which showed a decline in early and late sown condition. Among genotypes, Naveen recorded highest HUE in normal (2.3 kg/ha/°C) and late sown condition (2.0kg/ha/°C). Similarly, Naveen recorded higher RUE in normal (2.6 g/MJ) and early sown (2.1 g/MJ) condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCER GROUPS UNDER JOHAR PROJECT IN KANKE AND CHANHO BLOCK OF RANCHI DISTRICT
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Kamini Kumari; Nargis Kumari
    A Project on Assessment of producer groups under JOHAR Project in Kanke and Chanho block of Ranchi district of Jharkhand under villages Chardi, Boreya, Husir, Gagi and Tendar of Kanke block and Pakariyo, Hondpiri, Hurhuri, Ranichacho and Khutitoli under Chanho block. Thus, altogether (100) Producer group members (respondents) were taken under study for data collection and analysis. The study was undertaken with objectives (i) to study the socio-economic condition of Producer group members (ii) to study the existing marketing scenario of Producer groups (iii) to suggest the marketing strategy for betterment of producer groups. The primary data was collected through field survey and interaction with producer group members and secondary data was collected through journal, book, etc. The socio–economic Condition of Producer Group members were female because Producer Groups is an informal group of women. The study reveals that majority of the respondents were from middle age group (36 to 50 years) and nuclear family was prevailed (67%) as compared to the inception of the project. Majority of the respondents were having semi- pucca housing pattern and having annual income between Rs 50,000-1Lakh per annum (35%), as it was increased by 1% from initiation of project. Majority of the respondents (92%) had electricity as the source of light as compared to the inception of the project. The water facility for drinking and irrigation both through own well and deep boring was increased by 3 and 4%, respectively as compared to initiation of the project whereas from community well for drinking and irrigation purpose, decreased by 4 and 1%, respectively. Regarding sanitation, majority of the respondents having own and government toilet and hence open defecation was decreased by 5% from inception of the project. Before the inception of the JOHAR project direct market was the source of inputs (60%) and output (70%) marketing. But after six years of inception of project, participation in input and output marketing was increased by farmer Producer Company (FPC). Suggestion for Producer Groups members is to do their farming collectively for more production that tends to maximum profit. Number of farmer producer company (FPC) Agrimart should be increased in each block so that Producer groups can get their inputs easily. Information on current market price, price analysis and price forecast through mobile, television and internet should be provided to the producer groups to facilitate them in crop planning and fetching higher price of their produce. Farmer producer Company (FPC) Agrimart should have timely availability of inputs (seed, fertilizer and insecticides/pesticides) so that the Producer groups get the subsidized benefit of that.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Site suitability analysis of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System (GIS) in Ranchi district, Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bharathi. H. J; A. K. Chakraborty
    The present investigation entitled “Site suitability mapping of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing and GIS in Ranchi District, Jharkhand” were carried out using ArcGIS and QGIS with the help of JSAC, Ranchi in the study area during the year 2021-22 with the following objectives: i) To prepare land use/land cover map of Ranchi district using high-resolution satellite data. ii) Preparation of thematic geodata base and ancillary database for site suitability iii) Analysis for site suitability in GIS environment for G. arborea. Multi-criteria approach was used to conduct suitability mapping of G. arborea in Ranchi. Suitability mapping was carried out within the cultivable wasteland sites of Ranchi district, which was masked from the cultivable wasteland map of Ranchi district prepared using two seasons, viz., rabi (Jan–Mar) and kharif (Aug–Nov) Sentinel-II satellite data. Wasteland map of Ranchi was generated at the scale of 1: 50,000 using ArcGIS and QGIS software. Favorable environment conditions/ limitations i.e., slope, soil characteristics viz soil texture, drainage, depth, pH and climatic conditions viz temperature and rainfall were applied for identification of suitable areas for G. arborea plantation. Thematic and geodatabase of all the seven parameters were generated using ArcGIS and QGIS. All the layers, viz., soil, slope and ground water were masked using the cultivable wasteland layer as an input. All these layers were overlaid and integrated to derive a suitability map. For G. arborea plantations, Suitability classes were categorized as follows: (i) land units with no or only four slight limitations: highly suitable, (ii) land units with no more than four moderate limitations: moderately suitable, (iii) land units with more than four moderate limitations and/or one or more severe limitations: marginally suitable, (iv) land units with severe limitations: currently not suitable. Each parameter is assigned with the numbers one to four, highly suitable category of a parameter (e.g., soil texture, slope, groundwater etc.) in a particular area is assigned one followed by a moderately suitable parameter as two, marginally suitable parameter as three and not suitable category of the parameter as four. Area statistics were generated for different suitability classes of wasteland categories developed for Ranchi district. In Ranchi, wasteland occupied 6.49% (330.97 km2) of total geographical area (5097 km2). Forest scrub showed dominance and occupied 57% (188.05 km2) of total wasteland category followed by open scrub having 24% (78.37 km2), degraded land with 19% (61.77 km2) and brick kiln area occupies 1% (2.78 km2).In block-wise distribution of wasteland, Namkum has highest wasteland area of 39.76 km2 followed by Angara (37.60 km2), Tamar (29.98 km2) and the smallest area in Ratu (2.01 km2). Approximately 20% (64.31 km2) of the total cultivable wasteland in Ranchi was identified as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, 16% (53 km2) of the area was categorized as moderately suitable. The largest portion of cultivable wasteland, measuring 128.95 km2, fell under the marginally suitable category, while the not suitable category covered an area of 25% (83.43 km2) of the total area. Within the notified forest area, a highly suitable area of 46.66 km2 was identified for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 31.48 km2, a marginally suitable area of 76.79 km2, and a not suitable area of 43.67 km2.In the non-forest area of Ranchi, the suitability assessment identified an area of 17.65 km2 as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 21.53 km2, a marginally suitable area of 52.16 km2, and a not suitable area of 39.76 km2.