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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON VECTOR POTENTIALITY OF IXODID TICKS OF CATTLE AND THEIR CONTROL
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR - 585 401, 2022) YUVARAJA, T. Y.; ANANDA, K. J.
    A systematic study on tick infestation in cattle from Kolar, Ramanagra, Chikkaballapura districts of Karnataka was carried out to know the prevalence status, morphological and molecular identification of ticks, evaluation of acaricidal activity of phytotherapeutic compounds and to study the vector potentiality of ixodid ticks of cattle by molecular method. The prevalence of 55.3 per cent tick infestation was recorded in cattle and district wise prevalence revealed 56, 52 and 58 per cent in Kolar, Ramanagara and Chikkaballapura districts of Karnataka respectively. Morphologically, the ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Hyalomma spp. and PCR targeting 12S rRNA gene revealed three Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and Haemaphysalis longicornis by sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Acaricidal activity of deltamethrin, piperine, nanopiperine, curcumin and nanocurcumin was done by larval packet test (LPT) and adult immersion test (AIT). LPT against R. microplus larvae showed an LC50 at 3.292 ppm for nanopiperine followed by 3.5 ppm, 5.8 ppm, 5.9 ppm and 73.435 ppm for nanocurcumin, curcumin, piperine, and deltamethrin respectively. AIT against R. microplus showed an LC50 at concentration of 5.652 for nanopiperine followed by 8.090 for nanocurcumin, 26.489 for piperine, 32.581 for curcumin and 106.594 for deltamethrin. In both LPT and AIT, LC50 values of nanopiperine and nanocurcumin were significantly lower compared to deltamethrin. Nanopiperine and nanocurcumin showed significant ovulation inhibitory activity with lower IC50 and IC99 values compared to piperine, curcumin and deltamethrin. The vector potentiality of cattle tick was studied by molecular method in 50 engorged ticks DNA randomly selected from 600 pooled tick samples collected from 120 cattle. The PCR was carried out by targeting MPSP, 18S rRNA, RpoB and GroEL genes of Theileria, Babesia, Anaplasma 171 and Ehrlichia species using specific primers revealed highest prevalence of Theileria oriantalis (33/66 %) followed by Babesia spp. (19/38 %), Anaplasma marginale (9/18 %), Ehrlichia minasensis (6/12 %) and Theileria annulata (2/4 %) whereas, 21 (42 %) showed positive for mixed infection. Thus, the study provides key information on the distribution of ticks and tick-borne pathogens of cattle in three districts of Karnataka, which will aid in developing and strategizing effective control measures. Keywords: Cattle, Ticks, Acaricidal activity, Vector potentiality, PCR
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ISOTHERMAL NUCLEIC ACID BASED AMPLIFICATION ASSAY FOR RAPID AND VISUAL DETECTION OF PORK
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) VINAYAKUMAR N DANAWADKAR; M. KIRAN)
    Meat adulteration or fraud is one of the major issues in global meat market as it has economic, social, religious and health impact on the consumers. Hence, meat authenticity is one of the prime necessities to gain consumer confidence and to meet the statutory requirements. A plethora of techniques are available, however a requirement for rapid assay with on-field application is the need of the hour. Hence, in this study an attempt was made to develop a rapid, nucleic acid, isothermal amplification method, with SYBR Green I visualization called Polymerase Spiral Reaction (PSR) to identify tissues of pig origin. Primers were designed specifically to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The reaction temperature of PSR and component of reaction mixture were optimized at 64°C amplification temperature, 12 U/μL concentration of Bst DNA polymerase, 6 mM concentration of MgSO4, 1.2 mM concentration of dNTP, 0.8 M concentration of betaine, and 18 μM each of forward primer and reverse primers. Successful amplifications were confirmed using SYBR Green I dye and agarose gel electrophoresis. The specificity of assay was tested with DNA from beef, cara beef, mutton, chevon and chicken, where amplification was observed only in pork. The assay was also capable of detecting tissues of pig origin in heat treated and processed pork meat products. Analytical sensitivity revealed that PSR was able to detect 760 femto grams (fg) as compared to pork specific PCR which could detect only up to 7.6 pico gram (pg). The PSR assay was found to be 10 times more sensitive compared to PCR in detection of genomic DNA from tissues of pig origin. Hence, the developed pig-specific PSR assay can be effectively used in detection of tissue of pig origin.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE RESPONSES TO RABIES VACCINATION IN FREE RANGING DOGS IN BENGALURU
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) VINAY, C. P.; VINAY, C. P.
    The present study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of ongoing MDV programme in stray dogs of Bengaluru. In all, 260 sera samples from stray dogs in 26 wards from 8 zones of BBMP were collected for the study and tested by RFFIT and inhouse iELISA for HI response and Interferon-γ ELISA for CMIR. Overall, 71 per cent (171/240) samples from 8 zones of BBMP and 65 per cent (13/20) samples from 2 NC wards revealed adequate IR by RFFIT. By iELISA, 87 per cent (209/240) samples from 8 zones of BBMP and 90 per cent (18/20) samples from 2 NC wards revealed adequate IR. Overall, the iELISA revealed higher percentage of seroconversion than RFFIT as it detects the non-neutralizing antibodies in addition to the neutralizing antibodies. Among 8 zones of BBMP, the samples from B. west had highest seroconversion of 86.36 and 100 per cent by RFFIT and iELISA respectively. The Spearman’s rank correlation (r value ≠ 0 and p value <0.05) indicated some correlation and kappa value of 0.55 suggested a moderate agreement between the results of RFFIT and iELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of iELISA was found to be 100 per cent and 63.30 per cent respectively. The In-house iELISA can be used in large population surveys instead of RFFIT to overcome the disadvantages associated with it. The IFN–γ ELISA employed to study CMIR revealed 50 per cent (120/240) samples from 8 zones of BBMP and 90 per cent (18/20) samples from 2 NC wards with adequate CMIR. The highest CMIR of 81.82 per cent was observed in B. west zone. The adequate CMIR in serum samples with RFFIT titres < 0.5 IU/mL indicates the effect of vaccination being done under the ABC-ARV programme before initiation of MDV in BBMP. A sustained MDV programme enhanced to cover 70 per cent of the dog population will surely aid in elimination of dog-mediated rabies.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    PREPARATION OF ANATOMICAL MUSEUM SPECIMENS BY USING COMMERCIAL RESIN AND LIQUID SILICONE
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) VENKATESH; GIRISH. M. H
    The objective of present study was to compare different gross staining techniques for brain slices, to standardize the sheet plastination using commercially available resins and preparation of corrosion cast. Three brain staining methods were performed, brain slices were pre stained with different stains like Mulligan’s stain, Alston’s stain and Prussian blue stain to differentiate between grey and white matter. Desirable results were obtained in all the three staining techniques. Upon comparison it was found that Alston’s method of staining was more satisfactory than Mulligan’s and Prussian blue staining. The pre-stained brain slices were used for sheet plastination process using Epoxy resin, Polyester Resin and Polyurethane resin. Among these low setting Epoxy resin did not reacted with the stained brain tissues and produced good quality plastinates in which internal structure of grey matter was well differentiated. For corrosion casts Epoxy resin, Polyester resin, Liquid silicon and Polyurethane foam were used for vascular casts and luminal casts of organs. For vascular casts, Polyester resin was good because of its low viscosity and better perfusion in the capillary network. Major drawback of the Polyester resin was its brittleness in the presence of moisture and vascular casts were crumbled upon handling. However Epoxy resin corrosion casts were stronger and durable. For luminal casting of hollow organs Polyurethane foam yielded better results specially to reproduce air sacs in birds. Resins used in the present study were non-patented, less expensive and easily available. The choice of suitable casting material was determined by a variety of factors, such as viscosity of the resin, setting time or working time and reaction temperature. Key words: Sheet plastination, Corrosion cast, Resin, Brain slice staining.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF BODY CONDITION SCORE AND BASIC BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS IN LACTATING DAIRY BUFFALOES IN NORTH KARNATAKA
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR – 585401, 2022) UMESH MIRJE; Mahadevappa D. Gouri
    The current experiment was conducted in 30 lactating dairy buffaloes to study the relationship between body condition score, body weight changes, milk yield and its composition and to study the Basic behavioural patterns (Ethogram) under intensive farming system. The results showed that the average values of body condition score for lactating dairy buffaloes in different parities and stages of lactation were in the range from 3.39±0.06 to 3.68±0.06, while the overall average values for body weight, height at withers, height at hook, heart girth and body length in buffaloes were 497.02±2.94 kg, 132.61±0.61 cm, 138.49±0.44 cm, 194.46±0.45 cm and 142.46±0.85 cm, respectively. The overall average values for the milk production traits viz., daily milk yield, Fat, SNF and Protein per cent were 6.17±0.13 kg, 7.06±0.02, 9.65±0.04 and 4.03±0.01, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed positive and highly significant (P<0.01) correlation between body condition score, body weight changes and body measurements. Similarly, the negative and significant (P<0.05) correlation was found between body condition score and average milk yield, fat percentage, whereas the coefficients of correlation between body condition score and Solids- Not-Fat per cent was negatively correlated, there was non-significant association. There was positive and significant (P<0.05) correlation observed between body condition score and protein per cent. The observations for basic behavioural patterns were made for a total period of 300 hours with an average six-hour observation in a day. Eight main behavioural categories consisting of forty-seven different patterns were grouped under different title, were employed for the study. Buffaloes exhibited 40 behavioural patterns out of 46 patterns, of which 9 patterns more commonly occurred (MCO), 9 patterns were commonly occurred (CO), 13 patterns rarely occurred (RO), 9 patterns very rarely occurred (VRO) and six patterns were not observed (NO) in buffaloes during the study period. Hence the results of the study suggested that the buffaloes to be selected for the best production performance should possess the body condition score in the range of 3.5 to 3.75. The knowledge about behavioural patterns in buffaloes is a boon for proper planning and adoption of general as well as planning for proper feeding managemental practices.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE EFFICACY OF FORMALIN INACTIVATED KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE VACCINE IN MICE
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2022) ULLAS GOWDA, K. S.; B. M. CHANDRANAIK
    The present study was undertaken with the objectives of evaluating safety and efficacy of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) vaccine inactivated with different concentration of formalin in mice, quantification of Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) by Real time PCR and its comparison with in-vivo titration in mice and to study the sequential experimental pathology of KFDV in mouse brain. In this study, KFD vaccine prepared in Chicken Embryo Fibroblast was inactivated with 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.08 % concentrations of formalin. KFD vaccine inactivated with 0.04% and 0.06 % formalin failed the safety test as mice inoculated with the vaccine developed disease symptoms and/or death. KFD vaccine inactivated with 0.08% formalin passed the safety test since none of the mice inoculated with this vaccine showed symptoms and/or death. 0.08% formalin inactivated KFDV vaccine passed the potency test in mice with log protective index of was 5.678. Since the formalin content is relatively lower (0.08%) than in the currently available KFD vaccine (0.1%), this should induce no or lesser reactions of pain/swelling at the site of inoculation, which may increase the vaccine acceptance and vaccination coverage. The real time PCR on individual harvests yielded CT values of less than 20 on all five harvests (H1 to H5). The real time PCR on tenfold dilutions of the pooled harvests yielded CT values of 22.05, 24.13, 26.09, 29.34, 31.18, 34.02, 0.0 and 0.0 for dilutions of 10-1, 10-2,10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7 and 10-8 respectively. Inoculations of these tenfold dilutions in mice by conventional mice inoculation test revealed that the titre (MLD50) of the virus of in the pooled harvest was at 10-6. Based on these findings, it could be concluded that when the CT value of individual vaccine harvests in real time PCR is less than 20, the KFD vaccine will have sufficient viral particles to pass the potency test. Real time PCR on tenfold dilutions of the vaccine harvests indicated that the 1MLD50 of the vaccine lies in the tenfold dilution that yields CT values between 31 to 34. The sequential pathology of KFD virus in mice brain by intra cerebrally inoculating 1MLD50 of the virus showed symptoms of dullness, hunched back appearance, weakness, sluggish movements with indications of hind quarter paralysis on day 4 pi. These symptoms got aggravated with complete paralysis of hind quarters, inability to move followed by death on 5th and 6th dpi. Microscopically, brain showed apoptosis of neurons, perivascular cuffing, gliosis, congestion, neuropil vacuolation, meningitis, degeneration, and necrotic neurons. Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus that control the motor neuron activities and muscle tone were primarily affected. Apoptosis of neurons was a consistent and important brain lesion noticed in KFD infected mice. Present study is the first report on apoptosis of neurons due to KFD virus infection in mice.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    NUCLEOPROTEIN AND GLYCOPROTEIN GENE-BASED MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF RABIES VIRUS IN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ANIMALS IN INDIA
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2022) TILAK CHANDAN, S.; SHRIKRISHNA ISLOOR)
    A study on 14 brain samples collected from the cases of rabies in animals including wild carnivores from four Indian states during 2020-2022 was undertaken to update the molecular epidemiology of circulating Indian rabies virus (RABV) and evolutionary pattern. This was based on the phylogenetic analysis of the RABV with respect to complete sequence of nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein genes (G). All the samples were tested by lateral flow assay (LFA), direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA), and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and confirmed positive for rabies. The complete nucleotide sequences of N and G genes of RABV from all the samples were analysed by Neighbour-Joining method. Majority of the RABV sequences that included those reported from Asian countries showed affiliation of these sequences to three lineages viz., the Arctic-like 1a lineage, Asian clade and Indian subcontinent lineage. The Asian Clade comprised of two subclades- South East Asian 3 (SEA3) and SEA5- that corresponded to the Taiwan and China isolates respectively. Whereas, Indian RABV either reported earlier by others or those studied in the present investigation were found to be identified either under Arctic like 1a or Indian subcontinent lineages. Interestingly, Arctic-like 1a lineage described the close association of North Indian isolates irrespective of cross-species transmission. Whereas, those from the Southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala exhibited close association with the isolates from Sri Lanka and Nepal under the Indian subcontinent lineage. No other Indian isolates were found in this clade.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING NEEM, GINGER AND GARLIC POWDER ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, LIPID PROFILE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN GIRIRAJA BIRDS
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR – 585 226, 2022) TEJASHREE, L.; H.C. INDRESH
    An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding neem, ginger and garlic powder on growth performance, lipid profile and immune response in Giriraja birds. A total of 150 day old Giriraja birds were procured and allocated to five experimental groups each consisting of three replicates with ten chicks each. Experimental diets for broiler starter and finisher rations were formulated as per the ICAR (2013) standards.The basal diet (control) T1 was prepared using corn and soyabean meal (as per requirement) without supplementation of garlic, neem and ginger for day 1 to 56 days of experimental period. The experimental diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 were prepared by incorporating basal diet+ 0.5 % garlic powder, basal diet + 0.5 % neem powder, basal diet + 1 % ginger and basal diet + 0.5 % garlic powder + 0.5 % neem powder + 1 % ginger powder, respectively. The results revealed that feeding neem, ginger and garlic powder individually and also in combination resulted in significant improvement in body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency whereas survivability showed no significant difference among different treatment groups. No significant improvement on immune response against Newcastle disease. But significant difference was observed in Infectious bursal disease on the 56th day of the experiment and also showed non-significant (P > 0.05) difference on immune organs weight of birds fed with different treatment groups except Bursa of fabricius which was significant in group fed with 1 % ginger and combination. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and meat cholesterol was observed. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in E. Coli count compared to control group was observed whereas Lactobacillus count was significantly increased in the groups fed with garlic, neem, ginger and in combination. Significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in carcass characteristics like dressing percentage, breast yield, thigh yield and abdominal fat per cent was observed and no significant difference (P > 0.05) in gizzard, drumstick yield, heart, liver and proventriculus of birds. Based on the above result it was concluded that inclusion of garlic, neem and ginger powder and combination was beneficial in improving growth performance, gut health, carcass characteristics and lowering serum cholesterol in Giriraja birds. However feeding of 1 % ginger and combination of 0.5 % garlic powder, 0.5 % neem powder, 1 % ginger powder have more beneficial effects in Giriraja birds.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE SODIUM ON OSTEOARTHRITIS IN DOGS
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SYED SUHEB; V. MAHESH
    The influence of pentosan polysulfate sodium for the treatment of osteoarthritis in six dogs was studied. Hip joint was the most commonly affected joint, followed by elbow joint and stifle joints. Most of the osteoarthritis cases were seen in Labrador Retriever breed male dogs above five years of age. The drug pentosan polysulfate sodium administered at the dose rate of 3 mg per kg body weight by subcutaneous route at weekly intervals for four weeks was found to be effective and best suited for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs. There were no significant variations observed in physiological parameters like rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate, haematological parameters like Hb, TEC, TLC, and DLC, and biochemical parameters like serum creatinine and ALT. Weight bearing score, joint motion score, pain score and lameness scores were highest before treatment, which was significantly reduced from the seventh day till the 45th day after the treatment in all the six dogs. There was significant improvement in weight bearing in all the six dogs after the treatment. Radiographic evaluation after treatment showed significant improvement in radiographic signs such as reduction in osteophytic changes, increase in the joint space and improvement in remodeling of femoral head. The drug was also economically feasible and easy to administer when compared to the daily oral medications.