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ThesisItem Open Access Pharmacokinetic Study of Levofloxacin, Flunixin and Their Interaction in Goat(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2023-04-03) Sahil Raman; Ghadigaonkar SushmaThe present study was planned to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of Flunixin in the plasma of goats after a single dose intramuscular injection of Flunixin, Levofloxacin alone, and in combination by high-performance liquid chromatography. The blood samples were collected from the right jugular vein into heparinized vacutainer at zero (blank sample), 0.166 (10 min), 0.33 (20min), .5 (30min), 1 (60 min), 2 (120min), 4 (240min), 6 (360 min), 8 (480min) 10 (600 min), 12 (720 min), 24 (1440 min), 36 (2160 min), 48 (2880min) hours after treatment. the mean Cmax, Tmax, AUC (0-24hr), CL, Vd, t1/2, and MRT of Levofloxacin was 2.19 ug/ml, 40 min, 37.16 ug/ml*ml, 0.089 mg/ug/ml) min, 125.94 mg/ug/ml, 146,15 min, and 258.62 min after intramuscular administration of Levofloxacin alone at a 5mg/kg body weight dose in goats. While the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), the area under the curve (0-2880 minutes), total body clearance (CL), the volume of distribution (Vd), and t½ and MRT of Levofloxacin was 2.29μg/ml, 25 minutes, 425,41 μg/ml*min, 0.189 (mg)/μg/ml) min, 21.86 (mg)/ug/ml, 80.19 min, and 158.21 minutes after co-administering Levofloxacin and Flunixin. In the present study, Levofloxacin was first detected at min until 48 hours were detected in plasma. However, when Levofloxacin and Flunixin were co-administered by intramuscular route, Levofloxacin was detected at 10 min and till 10 hours detected in 4 goats out of 6 goats. The result indicates that co-administering affects the clearance and half-life of Levofloxacin. Coadministration of Levofloxacin and Flunixin enhances the levofloxacin absorption and also elimination half-life. The reduction in Flunixin clearance observed in the coadministration case revealed that both drugs interact with each other during elimination. It was concluded that care should be taken in using Flunixin and Levofloxacin in goats to avoid untoward reactions of Flunixin.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Different Therapeutic Protocols in Dogs Suffering from Bronchopneumonia Caused by Canine Distemper(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2023-04-03) Ishu Saini; Pawalkar, D. A.The current study entitled “EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC PROTOCOLS IN DOGS SUFFERING FROM BRONCHOPNEUMONIA CAUSED BY CANINE DISTEMPER” was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-400012. 27 dogs exhibiting signs of canine distemper (mucopurulent oculo-nasal with or without pyrexia) were included in study irrespective of their breed, gender, age etc. divided into two treatment groups. Difference in Hematological and biochemical parameters in both the groups was statistically non-significant before and after the treatment. Group-I Mean±SD values of Hemoglobin, TEC and PCV before treatment were 10.47±1.95gm%, 4.86±0.88x106/cmm and 30.78±6.10% while respective values of Group-II were 11.11±2.64gm%, 5.28±1.61x106/cmm and 34.35±10.64%. After treatment change in values of Hb, TEC and PCV noted by 11.57%, 13.12% and 14.97% in Group-I while -0.91%, 2.71% and 3.97% in Group-II respectively. Before treatment, Leukopenia observed in 13.33% and 8.33% dogs while leucocytosis was observed in 20% and 41.66% dogs in Group-I and Group-II respectively. After treatment TLC increased by 6.42% in Group-I while decrease by 2.80%. in Group-II. In Group-I and Group-II Thrombocytopenia was found in 26.66% and 41.66% dogs before treatment while Mean±SD PLT was 204.33±76.79x103/μL and 257.83±156.76x103/μL (increased by 54.85%) respectively after treatment. Before treatment, Mean±SD values of AST, ALT and ALP (U/L) were 54.13±23.85, 40.53±42.03, and 325±195.21 and 63.22±41.67, 36.06±14.95 and 292.58±356.19 in Group-I and Group-II respectively. Biochemical analysis of serum samples revealed increase level of ALP and AST, whereas the ALT levels were within normal range. Mean±SD values of AST, ALT and ALP were 60.89± 23.51U/L, 54.90±58.07U/L and 190.17±131.25U/L and 47.33±17.04U/L, 47.57± 43.01U/L and 222.83±207.12U/L in Group-I and Group-II respectively after treatment. Bacterial culture of the nasal swabs revealed 25% (n=3/12) E.coli, 25% (n=3/12) Staphylococcus spp., 16.66% (n=2/12) Klebsiella & Staphylococcus spp., , 8.33% (n=1/12) Pseudomonas spp., 8.33% (n=1/12) Enterococcus spp., 8.33% (n=1/12) Klebsiella spp., 8.33% (n=1/12) E.coli & Staphylococcus spp. AST showed Sensitivity to enrofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactum (91.66%), followed by amikacin and gentamicin (66.66%), doxycycline and chloramphenicol 33.33%, ceftriaxone 25.00% and cefotaxime 16.66%.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Smart Packaging Indicator for Real Time Monitoring Freshness of Paneer(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2023-12-26) Badhe Shekhar Rameshrao; Rathod, K. S.Precise improvements are imperative for real-time monitoring tools dedicated to evaluate the quality of paneer throughout the supply chain. In accordance with this objective, both natural and chemical-based indicator sensors were developed which operates by detecting essential volatile metabolites emanating from stored paneer. Specifically, it has been designed to undergo a color change when it reacts with basic volatiles released from paneer during storage under refrigerated as well as under ambient temperature. Their responses were studied in simulated reactive model system and during the storage period of paneer at both refrigerated and ambient temperatures. In the simulated reactive model system, the indicator was attached to the inner side of the lid of glass bottles. Ammonia equivalent to that produced in paneer during storage was poured into the bottles, and then sealed with caps maintaining an environment with ammonia. Both indicator sensors natural as well as chemical changed their colour when in contact with ammonia. In the experimental setup, the paneer samples were packaged in polystyrene foam trays and sealed with polypropylene film. The indicator sensor was affixed to the inner side of the film, and any alterations in its color were observed and compared with the quality changes occurring in the paneer during refrigerated as well as ambient storage. Throughout the storage period under refrigerated and ambient condition, the change in color by indicator sensor exhibited a strong correlation with various physicochemical, sensory, and microbial parameters of paneer. Notably, a positive correlation was observed between the levels of ammonia, Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen, (TVBN) and microbial parameters. It was observed that values for ammonia, TVBN, tyrosine, TPC (Total Plate Count), psychrophilic and Pseudomonas count were increased significantly (p<0.05) during the storage period. The sensors demonstrated robust responsiveness to the conditions of refrigerated storage as well as ambient condition, and the observed color changes closely mirrored the quality changes experienced by the paneer during this storage period. Thus the study presents a promising approach to enhancing the monitoring and maintenance of paneer quality within the supply chain. The study concluded that the developed indictor sensor could be used as an effective tool to monitor real time freshness of paneer in conjunction with “use by date”.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Kulfi with Natural Sweetening and Flavouring Ingredients(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-01-02) Vyawahare Shivani Ganesh; Meshram, B. D.Present study was conducted to develop Kulfi containing Orange Peel Powder (OPP) and Date Syrup (DS) as natural ingredients for the enhanced nutritive value. Three variants ofkulfi containing OPP(kulfi -1), DS (kulfi -2) and DS: OPP (kulfi -3) were optimized by using central composite rotatable design of Response Surface Methodology. The result revealed that the desirability of optimized kulfi -1, 2 and 3 were 0.876, 0.879 and 0.883, respectively. The compositional analysis of optimized products showed that fat contents of kulfi -2 and 3 (12.08a±0.10 and 12.13a±0.13) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control kulfi (10.20b±0.18). The protein contents ofkulfi -1 and 3 (5.14a±0.08 and 5.23a±0.03) were at par (P<0.05) with the control (5.17a±0.16), whereas kulfi -2 had significantly (P<0.05) lower protein content (4.97b±0.04). The carbohydrate contents, total solids contents and calorific values of the optimized kulfi -1, 2 and 3 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than respective values of the control (25.41a+0.64, 41.33a±0.48 and 212.65a±3.25). The other attributes of the optimizedkulfi -1, 2 and 3 such as ash content (0.78b±0.01, 0.84 b±0.02 and 1.20a±0.05, respectively), acidity (0.20 c ±0.01, 0.29 b ±0.02 and 0.32a ±0.02, respectively), melting rate (9.38b ±0.10, 11.05a ±0.47 and 11.37 a ±0.10, respectively), melting behavior (9.48a ±0.35, 7.35c ±0.23 and8.52 b ±0.32, respectively), antioxidant activity (8.23 c ±0.82, 59.47 b ±0.88 and 78.55 a ±0.75%, respectively) and fiber content were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control kulfi (0.71c±0.02, 0.19c±0.01, 8.91c±0.05, 7.42c ±0.19, ND and ND, respectively). Incorporation of OPP and DS as ingredients in the kulfi was found to significantly alter itsL*, a* andb* values, and increase its textural hardness significantly (P<0.05). The optimised variants were found to be acceptable up to 60 days of storage at -10°C on the basis of physicochemical, microbial and sensory attributes.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiological Stuides on Mastitis in Crossbred Cows(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-03-15) Mote Sujata Parabati; Pawalkar, D. A.The present study entitled “EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MASTITIS IN CROSSBRED COWS” was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-400012. Cattle, farm and owner data was collected from 3 tehsils of Satara and Raigad districts. Out of 349 crossbred cattle reared by 21 farmers, 202 milking animals were subjected to pH, EC, CMT and SCC examination. Out of 86 CMT-positive samples, 71 and 40 were subjected to culture isolation and AST respectively. 152 milking cattle were subjected to haematological analysis consisting of 61 CMT positive and 91 CMT negative. 85.5% cattle were HF cross, 33.48% cattle were in 2nd parity, 71.4% of farmers were producing 50-100 liters/day. Prevalence of SCM and CM using pH, EC, CMT and SCC was 24.75%, 34.65%, 41.08%, and 47.02% and 0.99%, 0.99%, 1.48% and 1.48% respectively. A lower prevalence of SCM was observed in the loose housing system 30.69% than in intensive housing 50.52% using CMT. The SCC threshold to delineate subclinical mastitis-affected animals was 250000 cells/ml with 78% sensitivity, 92% specificity and 88% Positive, 86% Negative Predictive Value. The cut-off level for EC was found 5.5 mS/cm with 61% Sensitivity and 83% specificity for the detection of SCM. Hb and PCV were significantly lower (p≤0.05) while TLC was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in CMT-positive animals. Higher SCC was observed with increased parity but the difference was statistically non-significant. Higher SCC was observed in early and late lactation compared to Mid-lactation. Among major mastitogens, Staphylococcus species were 64.78%, followed by E. coli 16.90% and mixed infection 7.04%. AST revealed 85% cultures were sensitive to Gentamicin, followed by 77.5% Enrofloxacin, 75% Amikacin, 47.50% Ceftriaxone and Tazobactam, 35% Amoxycillin, 30% Ampicillin, 15% Tylosin while all cultures were either resistant or having intermediate zone to Oxytetracycline.ThesisItem Open Access Seroprevalence and Pathology of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2023-04-03) Mukuloth Suresh; Sawale, G. K.Mycoplasma synoviae is most important pathogenic mycoplasma species in birds causing tenosynovitis and respiratory infection and results in huge economic losses in poultry industry. The present research was carried out to study the prevalence by using ELISA along with detection of MS organism by molecular technique viz. PCR. The clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions were documented in MS affected birds. In the present investigation a total of 171 serum samples were collected from 14 broiler parent flocks out of which 99 samples (57.80%) were positive for MS antibodies. The results indicated that the seroprevalence and titer range of MS antibodies were increased with increase in age of birds. More number of adults birds were positive for MS antibody than younger age birds. Tissue samples were taken from eighteen parent flocks and one CL flock were subjected to polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of MS using 16s rRNA specific primers through conventional PCR. Of the nineteen flocks tested, ten (52.63%) showed a positive band (211bp) for MS by PCR. More specifically, nine out of eighteen parent flocks and one CL flock tested positive for MS. In all the MS affected flock, bird showed lameness due to hock joint or foot pad swelling in parent birds with morbidity up to 5% and mortality up to 0.4%. The swollen joint had increased synovial fluid which was highly viscous and brown to reddish in color. In the chronic cases, the fluid was caseous and thick yellow in color. On cut section of hock joint, yellow cheesy material was observed. Other lesion included mild to moderate tracheal congestion, congestion and consolidation in lung and air sacculitis. The study indicated that the incidence of MS was 57.8% by serology and 52% by PCR.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Prevalence of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Goats in and Around Mumbai(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-03-15) Khan Mohammed Shahrukh Shamshad; Pawalkar, D. A.The present study entitled “STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS IN GOATS IN AND AROUND MUMBAI” carried out during September 2022 to February 2023 at the Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai–12. 422 apparently healthy and 27 PPR affected goats were included in the study. Selected goats consisted of 14 breeds (97 males and 223 females). Mean±SD values of age and BCS were 22.39± 5.64 and 3.04±1.23 respectively. 53.44% goats were vaccinated, 37.18% non-vaccinated while 9.38% had unknown status. Irrespective of vaccination status. 72.18% goats were sero-positive while 27.81% goats were seronegative. 97.08 % and 2.92 % of vaccinated goats were sero-positive and sero-negative respectively. 97.08% vaccinated, 42.85% non-vaccinated and 46.67% goats with unknown vaccination status were sero-positive. Sero-prevalence in females 76.68% was higher than males 61.85%. Cut-off value of PPR titre = 64 was found good indicator to predict vaccination status while cut-off PPR Titre = 29 can be used to predict outcome in affected goat. Significantly lower HB, TEC, PCV and higher MCV and MCH (p≤0.01) were observed in PPR infected goats. Total bilirubin (TB, p≤0.05), AST, ALT, ALP were significantly higher (p≤0.01) in PPR infected goats, while Total protein, Albumin and Globulin were significantly lower (p≤0.01) in PPR infected goats. In spite of treatment, mortality rate was 25.93%. Antibody titre was higher in survived goats on day of presentation than died goats and the difference was statistically highly significant (p≤0.01). PPR titre at cut-off level of 29 can predict outcome with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values respectively at 85%, 86%, 94% and 67% respectively. Therefore, cut off level of antibody titre can be suggested at PI =29 for the analysis of data to evaluate prediction of survival or death in PPR affected goats.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological Study of Chicken Feathers with Special Reference to Keratin Content(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2023-09-18) Chitnis Sayali Sandeep; Gaikwad, S. A.The present work was carried out on feathers of broiler and layer chickens. The types of feathers found on the body of both broiler and layer were wing, tail, semiplume, filoplume and down feathers. The feathers had a shaft, vane, barbs, barbules. The feathers were present on the body in specific feather tracts. The wing and tail feathers gave shape to the body of the chicken. The semiplumes were found beneath the wing and tail feathers. They had short shafts. They provided depth to the coat and thus conserved warmth. The filoplumes were small feathers with few barbs. The down feathers were covered mostly in the breast region. They were soft and fluffy and provided insulation. In layers, the tail feather was found to be the longest. The wing feather was the longest in broilers. In both broilers and layers, the filoplumes were the shortest. The barb length of tail feathers was significantly different at 1% level for broiler and layer. No significant difference was observed between the length of the rachis and barbs of the layer and the broiler’s filoplume feathers. The rachis and barb length of broiler and layer tail feathers were significantly different at 1% level. The feathers were purified and degreased very well with ethanol. The sodium chlorite solution only whitened the feathers. The feathers were dissolved completely with sodium sulphide solution. The thioglycolate solution dissolved feathers partially. The confirmation of protein was done by the biuret test. The solution turned purple when the biuret reagent was added. The change in colour confirmed the presence of protein in the solution. The keratin extracted from broiler feathers from sodium sulphide solution was 0.925gm/dl and from layer feathers was 0.862gm/dl. The keratin obtained from broiler feathers from thioglycolate solution was 0.566gm/dl and 0.430gm/dl from layer feathers. The keratin obtained from broiler feathers was slightly more as compared to layer feathers.ThesisItem Open Access Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Ruminants with Special Reference to Schistosomosis in Marathwada Region(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-02-29) Meshram Sneha Narendra; Narladkar, B. W.Studies on Gastro-intestinal parasitism in ruminants with special reference to schistosomosis in Marathwada region was undertaken during the year 2023. Speciality of the present research was the working out of correlations between bacterial and viral infections and different type of parasitic infections. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic was 77.11, 77.92, 97.73 and 98.04 in cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep, respectively. All age groups in all four ruminant species showed non-significant differences in GI parasites however lower age group showed higher prevalence. There exist non-significant differences among three seasons for the GI parasitic prevalence in all four host species and winter season predominated followed by monsoon and lowest during summer season. Similarly there observed non-significant differences between male and females in regards to GI parasitic prevalence in all four host species. Almost all breeds of all four ruminant species showed susceptibility to the parasitic infection. Regarding correlation between different bacterial, viral and parasitic infection, present study showed no relationship or weaker type of correlations. It indirectly means that, due to parasitic infections immunity status of cattle tending towards decline and as a result bacterial or LSD infections have occurred or viceversa is also possible i.e. due to bacterial or LSD immunity status of cattle tending towards decline and as a result parasitic infections have occurred.
