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ThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. PSITTACINUS HYBRID”(jau,junagadh, 2013-05) Pansuriya Pratik Babulal; Dr. R. R. ViradiaThe present investigation entitled “Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Psittacinus Hybrid” was conducted at Horticultural Instructional Farm, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, J.A.U., Junagadh, during November 2011 to April 2012. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and twelve treatments integrated with chemical fertilizers, organic manures (FYM, vermi compost, neem cake and castor cake) and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB). Among different treatment combinations, better plant growth was obtain with an application of FYM @ 20 t/ha+ Azoto. @ 4 kg/ha + PSB @ 4 kg/ha. It recorded maximum plant height (91.88 cm), number of tillers per plant (2.20), fresh and dry weight of plant (208.35 gm and 65.69 gm, respectively) and minimum days to first spike emergence (72.10 days). With respect to flowering, yield and corm characters, maximum number of spikes per plant (2.20), number of spikes per square meter (19.82), yield of spikes per hectare (2.87 lakh), fresh weight of whole spikes (90.03 gm), diameter of floret (7.98 cm), length of rachis (55.24 cm), vase life (14.32 days), longevity of spike (15.17 days), number of corms per plant (2.18), cormels per plant (9.28) and diameter and weight of corm (3.38 cm and 30.50 gm, respectively) were recorded with an application of 75% RDF + NC @ 1 t/ha + Azoto. @ 2 kg/ha + PSB @ 2 kg/ha. For nutrient status, the treatment with FYM @ 5 t/ha + 100% RDF recorded maximum available N (280.45 kg/ha) in soil. However, soil pH, soil EC, available P2O5 and K2O in soil and N,P,K content in leaves was found non-significant. The economic analysis clearly indicate that the highest net return of Rs. 6,06,913 per hectare was obtained with the treatment of 75% RDF + NC @ 1 t/ha + Azoto. @ 2 kg/ha + PSB @ 2 kg/ha, and this treatment also found to be more economical with highest cost: benefit ratio (1:3.38). This finding can be used in making gladiolus production more profitable.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, FLOWERING, QUALITY AND YIELD OF GAILLARDIA (Gaillardia pulchella var. Lorenziana) cv. LOCAL DOUBLE(jau,junagadh, 2013-05) Paghdar Abhishek B.; Dr. A. N. MakwanaThe present investigation entitled "Effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on growth, flowering, quality and yield of gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella var. Lorenziana) cv. Local Double" was conducted at High Tech Horticulture Park, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, J.A.U., Junagadh, during April 2012 to August 2012. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and twelve treatments integrated with chemical fertilizers, organic manures (FYM, vermi compost, neem cake and castor cake) and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB). The results of the vegetative growth characters indicated that application of FYM @ 30t/ha + Azoto. @ 4kg/ha + PSB @ 4kg/ha (T9) recorded the maximum plant height (43.51 cm) at 60 DAT and (62.47 cm) at 90 DAT. The maximum number of branches per plant (5.77) at 30 DAT, (14.47) at 60 DAT and (33.34) at 90 DAT were recorded By T9. Whereas, maximum fresh weight of the plant (208.35 g), dry weight of the plant (98.41 g), plant spread (3120.34 cm2) and leaf area (43.40 cm2) at full bloom stage were recorded by T9. The results of the flowering and yield characters indicated that application of 75% RDF + NC @ 0.5t/ha + Azoto. @ 2kg/ha + PSB @ 2kg/ha (T5) recorded minimum days to flower opening (52.26), maximum flowering span (89.44 days), fresh weight of flowers per plant (304.40 g), dry weight of flowers per plant (98.23 g), number of flowers per plant (138.70), yield of flowers per plot (4.57 kg) and yield of flowers per hectare (15.03 t). Whereas, number of picking was found non-significant. The results of the quality characters indicated that application of 75% RDF + NC @ 0.5t/ha + Azoto. @ 2kg/ha + PSB @ 2kg/ha (T5) recorded maximum diameter of flower (6.87 cm), longevity of flower in situ (19.11 days) and maximum shelf life of flowers (corrugated paper box) (2.30 days). The results of the soil and plant characters indicated that application of 100% RDF + FYM@10t/ha (T2) recorded maximum available N (280.78 kg/ha) in soil. While soil pH, soil EC, available P2O5 and available K2O in soil were found non-significant. However, content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash in plant were found non-significant. The economic analysis clearly indicate that net returns was the highest (` 2, 30,620/ ha) in the treatment 75% RDF + NC @ 0.5t/ha + Azoto. @ 2kg/ha + PSB @ 2kg/ha (T5) followed by treatment T1 (` 2, 24,491/ha). High CBR (1:7.64) was obtained under the treatment T1. This finding can be used in making gaillardia production more profitable.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF UREA AND ZINC ON FRUIT SET, YIELD AND QUALITY OF GUAVA cv. BHAVNAGAR RED(jau,junagadh, 2013-05) Parmar Jaydevsinh M.; Dr. K. M. KarethaThe present experiment was carried out at the Fruit Research Station, Madhadibaug, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during kharif 2012 to study the “Effect of foliar spray of urea and zinc on fruit set, yield and quality of guava cv. Bhavnagar Red”. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Factorial concept (FRBD) consisting two factors with three levels of each viz., levels of urea U1 (1.0% urea), U2 (1.5% urea), U3 (2.0% urea) and levels of zinc Z1 (0.2% zinc), Z2 (0.4% zinc) and Z3 (0.6% zinc) and replicated thrice. The results of present investigation revealed that the maximum number of flowers per shoot (5.33) with minimum flower drop (58.89%) were recorded with an application of 1.5% urea (U2). Similarly, significantly the highest fruit set (70.80%), fruit retention (63.17%) and minimum fruit drop (36.83%) were noted with 1.5% urea (U2). Maximum fruit weight (155.47g), volume of fruit (127.12 ml), fruit length (7.98 cm) and fruit girth (7.75 cm) were observed with an application of 1.5% urea (U2). Similarly the maximum TSS (11.85 oBrix), ascorbic acid (220.79 mg/100g), pectin content (0.67%), non-reducing sugar (4.66%), total sugar (7.03%) and the lowest acidity (0.48%) were recorded in 1.5% urea (U2). The treatment U2 (Urea @ 1.5%) gave the highest number of fruits per plant (511.07), yield of fruits per plant (79.77/kg) and yield of fruits (22095 kg/ha). The results of present investigation showed that the highest number of flowers per shoot (5.30) and minimum flower drop (58.18%) were recorded with 0.6% zinc (Z3). Maximum fruit set (70.49%), fruit retention (62.86%) and lowest fruit drop (37.14%) were registered with 0.6% zinc (Z3). The highest fruit weight (153.89g), volume of fruit (125.44 ml), fruit length (7.95 cm) and fruit girth (7.22 cm) were recorded with 0.6% zinc (Z3). Similarly the highest TSS (11.85 oBrix), ascorbic acid (219.21 mg/100g), pectin content (0.67%), reducing sugar (2.34%), non-reducing sugar (4.61%), total sugar (6.95%) and minimum acidity (0.47%)were noted in 0.6% zinc (Z3). Significantly highest number of fruits per plant (489.69), yield of fruits per plant (75.75kg) and yield of fruits (20984 kg/ha) were registered in 0.6% zinc (Z3). From the present investigation it was revealed that the treatment of 1.5% urea (U2) gave the maximum net realization of Rs. 1,45,220/ha with a CBR of 5.60 and the treatment of 0.6% zinc (Z3) gave the maximum net realization of 1,35,402/ha with a CBR of 5.17.ThesisItem Open Access SEASONAL INCIDENCE, YIELD LOSSES AND CONTROL OF MAJOR SUCKING INSECT PESTS OF Bt COTTON (KDCHH-441).(jau,junagadh, 2012-11) Makwana D. K.; Dr. B. B. KabariaThe investigation was carried out on seasonal incidence, yield losses and control of major sucking pests infesting cotton during Kharif 2011-2012. The experiment on seasonal incidence of major sucking insect pests infesting cotton crop was conducted at instructional farm, JAU, Junagadh. The infestation of aphid on cotton commenced during the 3rd week of September and reached at a peak during the 2nd week of December, and then it gradually declined. The pest was active from 3rd week of September to 4th week of January. Aphid population had exhibited highly significant positive correlation with weather parameters viz., minimum temperature (r= 0.4514), morning relative humidity (r= 0.5796), afternoon relative humidity (r= 0.4717). While it was significantly negative with maximum temperature (r= -0.2871) and rainy days (r= -1.0000). The incidence of jassid on cotton commenced during the 2nd week of August and reached at a peak in the 4th week of September. The pest was found to be active from 2nd week of August to 4th week of December. Jassid population had highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.8447), morning relative humidity (r= 0.7123) and afternoon relative humidity (r= 0.3710), while non-significant negative correlation occured with minimum temperature (r= -0.8802), rainy days (r= -0.5827). The incidence of thrips on cotton commenced during the 2nd week of August and reached at a peak level during 4th week of September. The pest was found to be active from 2nd week of August to 4th week of January. Thrips population had significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.5679) and minimum temperature (r= 0.3583), while it was non-significantly positive with morning relative humidity (r= 0.7136), afternoon relative humidity (r= 0.5041), While, it was non-significantly negative with rainfall (r= -0.4982) and rainy days (r= -0.5803) and bright sunshine hours (r= -0.8072). The incidence of whitefly on cotton commenced during the 2nd week of August and reached at a peak level in 1st week of November. The pest was found to be active from 2nd week of August to 4th week of January. Whitefly population had highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.8071) and non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r= 0.3582), morning relative humidity (r= 0.7108) and afternoon relative humidity (r= 0.5008). Whereas, it was non-significantly negative with rainy days (r= -0.5743). The incidence of mealy bug on cotton commenced during the 2nd week of August and reached at a peak level in 1st week of November. The pest was found to be active from 2nd week of August to 4th week of January. Mealy bug population had highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.8578) and non-significantly positive correlation with minimum temperature (r= 0.3595), morning relative humidity (r= 0.7197) and afternoon relative humidity (r= 0.5020). Whereas, it was non-significantly negative with rainy days (r= -0.5693). Yield loss caused by major sucking pests infesting cotton was estimated during Kharif 2011 at Junagadh. The data revealed that significantly higher seed cotton yield 2038.82 kg/ha was recorded from protected plots, while the yield of 1312.70 kg/ha was recorded from unprotected plots. The yield increased in protected plots over unprotected plots was 726.12 kg/ha. This showed 55.31 per cent increase in yield and 35.61 per cent avoidable loss. The result clearly indicated that by providing protection with effective pesticides against cotton sucking pests, 726.12 kg/ha yield loss can be saved. Total avoidable yield loss could be worked out as 35.61 per cent. A field experiment was conducted to find out the control of major sucking pests infesting cotton at Junagadh. First application of the insecticides was given, when the pest population reached at ETL and the second application was done at 15 day interval. The number of major sucking pests (aphid, jassid, thrips, whitefly and mealy bug) per plant was recorded at one day before and three, seven and fifteen day after each spray of the insecticides. The mortality of the sucking pest caused by acetamprid 0.005 per cent was highest (93 to 96%) followed by profenophos 0.07 per cent (90 to 92%) and imidacloprid 0.005 per cent (83 to 88% mortality) which was statistically at par with each other. It means that the acetamprid 0.005 per cent, profenophos 0.07 per cent and imidacloprid 0.005 per cent were found most effective against aphid, jassid and whitefly infesting cotton. Comparatively next effective insecticides against cotton aphid were thiamoithoxam 0.04 per cent with 79 to 83% mortality and dimithoate 0.03 per cent with 75 to 77% mortality. In case of thrips, The highest pest mortality was recorded by thiamoithoxam 0.04 per cent i.e. 89 to 93% followed by profenophos 0.07 per cent (83 to 89%) and acetamprid 0.005 per cent (83 to 87%). Thus, thiamoithoxam 0.04 per cent, profenophos 0.07 per cent and acetamprid 0.005 per cent were found most effective against thrips infesting cotton. While In case of cotton mealy bug, the pest mortality caused by acetamprid 0.005 per cent was highest (90 to 93%) and the mortality (89 to 92%) recorded in profenophos 0.07 per cent was statistically at par with each other. It means that the acetamprid 0.005 per cent and profenophos 0.07 per cent were most effective against mealy bug infesting cotton. Among eleven insecticides highest seed cotton yield of 2344.25 kg/ha (65.30% increase over control) was obtained from the crop treated with acetamprid 0.005 per cent and it was statistically at par with the yield received from the treatment of profenophos 0.07 per cent (2227.25 kg/ha, 63.70% increase over control) and imidacloprid 0.005 per cent (2194.25 kg/ha, 61.31% increase over control). Maximum net return of `44266.50/ha with B: C ratio 1: 40.24 was obtained from the treatment of acetamprid 0.005 per cent followed by profenophos 0.07 per cent `39001.50/ha (B: C ratio 1: 28.32), imidacloprid 0.005 per cent `37539/ha (B: C ratio 1: 37.39) and thiamithoxam 0.007 per cent `24522.75/ha (B: C ratio 1: 19.54).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND FLOWER YIELD OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)cv. IIHR-6 UNDER PROTECTED CONDITION(jau,junagadh, 2013-04) Palagani Neelima; Dr. A. V. BaradThe experiment entitled “Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and flower yield of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)cv. IIHR-6 under protected condition” was carried out at Hi-Tech Horticulture Park, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three repetitions and ten treatment combinations comprising of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers. The treatment receiving 75%N+75%P+100%K+VC@1.25t/ha+CC@0.875t/ha+ Azo@2kg/ha+ PSB@2kg/harecorded the highest plant height, plant spread, number of branches, number of suckers, fresh weight and dry weight accumulation and yield attributes such as number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per plot, flower weight per plant, flower weight per plot and flower yield per ha. The early flower bud initiation, first flower opening, 50% flowering and longest flowering duration wasachieved in the treatment receiving 75%N+75%P+ 100%K+VC@1.25t/ha+CC@0.875t/ha + Azo@2kg/ha +PSB@2kg/ha. Application of 75%N+75%P+ 100%K+VC@1.25t/ha+CC@0.875t/ha + Azo@2kg/ha +PSB@2kg/haalso registered significantly higher quality parameters such as, stalk length, shelf life of loose flowers and vase life of cut flowers.Flower diameter was found maximum with the treatment 100%N+75%P+100%K+PSB @2kg/ha. Significantly higher available nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) andtheir content in plants was recorded in treatment receiving 75%N+75%P+ 100%K+VC@1.25t/ha+CC@0.875t/ha + Azo@2kg/ha +PSB@2kg/ha.The economics clearly indicated that net returns per ha and B: C ratio washighest (Rs. 2,26,117.5 and 6.15, respectively) in the plots treated with same treatmentand this finding can be used in making chrysanthemum production more profitable.ThesisItem Open Access ENZYMATIC PRE-TREATMENTS ON PIGEON PEA FOR BETTER RECOVERY AND QUALITY OF DHAL(jau,junagadh, 2012-11) V.P. Sangani; Dr. N. C. PatelPigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is one of the important pulse crops of India contributing 20.87 % to the total production of all pulses. India accounts for 90 % of the total world production of pigeon pea. Pigeon pea is significantly contributing to meet the dietary requirement of crude fibre, ash, fat, magnesium, manganese and copper. Pigeon pea contains high amount of vitamin B, Carotene and ascorbic acid. Pigeon pea is mainly consumed as dhal because it takes less time to cook and has acceptable appearance, texture, palatability, digestibility, and overall nutritional quality. The pigeon pea grain is considered as most difficult for dehulling as compared to other pulses owing to its seed coat which is more firmly attached with the cotyledons through a layer of gum and mucilage. The primary objective of dehulling is to remove seed coat from the cotyledons, during which four different fractions, i.e., dhal, broken, powder and husk are obtained. Pre milling treatments are generally employed to loosen the seed coat to remove husk without losing any edible portion. The experiments mainly consisted of physicochemical properties of pigeon pea grains, scanning electron microscopy of enzyme treated grains, enzymatic pre-treatments on milling quality, protein content and cooking time. Different properties of pigeon pea grains, namely size in terms of length, breath and thickness, sphericity, bulk density, porosity, true density, angle of repose and coefficient of static friction against different surfaces were determined at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % (d.b.) moisture content. The proximate compositions of pigeon pea grains, viz., carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fibre and ash were determined at 10.46 %, (w.b.) moisture content. The effect of four enzymatic hydrolysis parameters viz., enzyme concentration (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/ 100 g dry matter), incubation time (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 h), incubation temperature (40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 0C) and tempering water pH (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0) on hulling efficiency, protein content and cooking time were optimized using response surface methodology. For the comparison of enzymatic pre-treatment, the dry milling method was considered as control. Microstructure of all the enzymatically hydrolyzed as well as oil treated (control) samples were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Sensory evaluation of the cooked samples of enzyme treated and control samples was carried out immediately after cooking in terms of colour, appearance, flavour, texture, taste and overall acceptability. The average length, width, thickness, size and thousand grain mass of pigeon pea grains increased from 6.05 to 6.32 mm, 5.43 to 5.63 mm, 4.64 to 4.71 mm, 5.337 to 5.510 mm and 97.90 to 116.83 g with the increase in moisture content from 10 to 30 % (d.b.). The sphericity, bulk density and true density decreased logarithmically from 0.883 to 0.871, 872 to 814 kg/m3 and 1353 to 1307 kg/m3 with the increase in moisture content from 10 to 30 % (d.b.), respectively. The porosity and angle of repose of pigeon pea grains increased logarithmically from 35.47 to 37.96 % and 28.17° to 34.08° with increasing moisture content from 10 to 30 % (d.b.), respectively. At all the moisture contents, the static coefficient of friction was highest against plywood surface which ranged from 0.41 to 0.62, for galvanized sheet from 0.34 to 0.52 and lowest for glass surfacethat is from 0.336 to 0.456. The moisture content of pigeon pea grains was found to be 10.46 % (w.b.), protein 18.73 %, carbohydrate 58.15 %, fat 1.62 %, crude fibre 7.45 %, total ash 3.70 %. The cavity thickness observed through sectional images of enzyme treated pigeon pea samples using scanning electron microscope varied from 3.80 to 48.84 µm. It was observed that the cavity thickness of enzymatic treated samples increased which resulted in to the increase in the percentage husk removed. From the above study, it could be recommended that the better recovery and quality of pigeon pea dhal could be obtained by enzymatic pre-treatment of enzyme concentration of 37.80 mg/100 g dry matter, 8.69 h incubation time, 48.5 0C incubation temperature and 5.49 tempering water pH for obtaining a hulling efficiency 88.12 % with 21.81 % protein content and 21.5 min cooking time for dhal. This could increase hulling efficiency by 13.47 %, protein content by 12.33 % and decrease in cooking time by 19.77 % as compared to the control. The sensory evaluation indicated that the dhal obtained through enzymatic pre-treatment had higher value of overall acceptability as compared to control sample. Key words: pigeon pea, enzymatic pre-treatment, hulling efficiency, protein content, cooking time, scanning electron microscopyThesisItem Open Access “Genetic diversity analysis among mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars through biochemical and molecular markers”(jau,junagadh, 2012-10) Ms. Thumar S. R.; Dr. H. L. DhadukThe present investigation on “Genetic diversity analysis among mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars through biochemical and molecular markers” was planned with six main objectives, (1) To determine physiological parameters namely fruit weight, fruit volume, stone weight, peel weight, pulp weight of different cultivars of mango, (2) To determine quality parameters namely total sugar, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, total phenol, free amino acids from different cultivars of mango fruits, (3) To analyze carotenoid pigment from mango pulp, (4) To examine mango cultivars for protein profiling through polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic technique, (5) To study the isozymatic pattern of different mango cultivars using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and (6) To observe the genetic diversity among mango cultivars using RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers. A B S T R A C T ABSTRACT II Physiological parameters like fruit weight, fruit volume, peel weight and pulp weight were found to be significantly high in Malgoa while stone weight was significantly high in Totapuri. Quality parameters were measured from mature fruits of twelve different mango cultivars. Highest total sugar was present in Ashadhio while Highest total reducing sugar was present in Neelkrit. Highest total phenol, total free amino acids and ascorbic acid were present in Neeleshan. The highest carotenoid was present in Neelum. Protein analysis was carried out from tender leaves of twelve mango cultivars. Total eight bands were visualized on Native-PAGE by protein profiling. The dendrogram revealed that twelve mango cultivars segregated into two main clusters-I and II with similarity of 68% Cluster-I consisted of single cultivar Malgoa while cluster-II contained rest of the cultivars. Similarity index ranged from 88% to 100%. Isoenzymatic patterns were used for the characterization of mango cultivars. Four bands and six bands were visualized on Native-PAGE by peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase isoenzymes respectively. The peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase generated dissimilar clusters of twelve mango cultivars from each other. The average similarity ranged from 0.59-1.00 and 0.62-1.00, respectively. Fourteen randomly amplified polimorphic DNA primers amplified a total of 53 bands out of which 37 bands were polymorphic with an average of 3.8 bands per primer. Three primers OPD-05, OPA-01 and OPG-18 resulted in 100 per cent polymorphism. The average polymorphism was 64.57 per cent. The dendrogram generated two main clusters that consisted all the cultivars grouped together in their respective sub-cluster. The average similarity index range was 0.58-0.84. Sixteen inter simple sequence repeat primers amplified a total of 69 bands out of which 41 bands were polymorphic with an average of ABSTRACT III 4.9 bands per primer. Five primers UBC-807, UBC-813, UBC-844, UBC-881 and UBC-886 resulted in 100 per cent polymorphism. The average polymorphism was 60 per cent. The dendrogram generated two main clusters that consisted all the genotypes grouped together in their respective sub-cluster. The average similarity ranged from 0.63 to 0.93. Eight simple sequence repeat primers amplified a total of 23 bands. The SSRs amplified 11 polymorphic bands with an average of 42.5 per cent polymorphism and 2.8 bands per primer. In case of SSRs, only 1 primer AY628380 gave 100 per cent polymorphism. The cluster analysis revealed the two main clusters. The average similarity index range was 0.77-1.00. The cultivar identification through molecular and biochemical markers resulted in developing highly diversified dendrogram of 12 mango cultivars. The cultivar distribution was poor in biochemical markers. Molecular marker were more accurate.ThesisItem Open Access “MARKETING STRATEGY AND SALES PROMOTION OF DRINKING WATER IN SANGAMNER TALUKA” (MAHARASHTRA)(jau,junagadh, 2012-09) Solunke Surendrasing P.; Dr. K.A.Khunt.India is one of the biggest and most attractive water markets in the world. There is a huge market being exploited by the packaged water industry, and it's growing at 40 per cent per annum. With over a thousand bottled water producers, the Indian bottled water industry is big by even international standards. There are more than 200 brands, nearly 80 per cent of which are local. Most of the small-scale producers sell non-branded products and serve small markets. In fact, making bottled water is today a cottage industry in the country. There are investments worthy mid-cap companies in this segment. The product Rajhans aqua is a product innovation from the Rajhans dairy. It is a well reputed organization in the processing of milk, milk products and Rajhans Aqua. The present project work has been carried out to study the scenario of packaged drinking water, products of the Rajhans dairy, financial position of Rajhans dairy, marketing strategy and sale promotion activities used for Rajhans aqua to increased the production and sale of the company. The present study was conducted for Sangamner taluka for Rajhans aqua a packaged drinking water, where company had sound business activities since last few years, but Rajhans Aqua found unbending competition from competitor like Bisleri, Aquafina, Urja and Krushnai. Secondary data were collected from the websites and annual reports of company. The information regarding market shares of company, sales of company, production of company, futures planning of company, profit statement and financial analysis of company, was also collected for the study. The simple tabular analysis was used to analyse the data and information. The compound growth rate was also worked out to estimate the growth in packaged drinking water consumption. The study comprises various economics aspects of the Rajhans dairy and Rajhans Aqua. The production and sale of Rajhans aqua is increasing year by year and in 2010-2011 production reached to 99.00 lakh lit and sale reached to 97.20 lakh lit. This might be due to the high demand of the Rajhans aqua in market. The collection of milk by Rajhans dairy increased continuously over a period of time i.e from 689.55 lakh. litres in 2006-07 to 942.58 lakh litres in 2010-11. The milk distributed by the Rajhans dairy increased continuously over a period of time i.e from 80.23 lakh litres in 2008-09 to 87.84 lakh litres in 2010-11. The Sale of government has been continuously declined whereas sales of Mahanand increased considerably during period 2008-09 to 2010-11. The compound growth rate of milk collection during this period found up to 8.42 per cent per annum which is considerably high. The distribution of fund of Rajhans dairy during the year 2010-2011 showed that Rajhans dairy has given top priority to the processing project research which was about 56.25 per cent. The lowest amount of fund was diverted toward the donation fund i.e only 3.74 per cent. the company has allocated more than 81 per cent funds toward research and reserve fund. The company earned profit from service charges, discount, income from veterinary services, income from own dairy farm, etc., the total profit was increased considerably in the year 2010-11 as compared to 2009-10. As far as promotional activities carried out by Rajhans dairy is concerned aabout that 64 to 72 per cent fund of promotional activities was diverted towards the veterinary services followed by advertisement, vaccination, training etc. Thus the major tools of promotion of Rajhans dairy were veterinary services and advertisement. On the whole, there is a huge scope for further growth for Rajhans. The company should more concentrate on their major products which will give more profit to the company. Company should improve the promotion mix strategy to increase the production and sale of Rajhans aqua. The economic position of the company is good and it also investing on promotional activities of the company appreciably.ThesisItem Open Access MARKETING MIX OF NAGARJUNA FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICAL LIMITED IN BULDANA DISTRICT(jau,junagadh, 2012-07) Mr.Bagade Pradeep M.; Prof. N. M. ThakerAgriculture which accounts for one fifth of GDP provides sustenance to two-thirds of our population. Besides, it provides crucial backward and forward linkages to the rest of the economy. Successive five year plan have laid stress on self-sufficiency and self-reliance in food grains production and concerted efforts in this direction have resulted in substantial increase in agriculture production and productivity. Fertilizer sector was very crucial for Indian economy because it provides a very important input to agriculture. The fertilizer industry in India has played a pivotal role in achieving self-sufficiency in food grains as well as in rapid and sustained agriculture growth. India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizer in world after China and USA. India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers in the world after China and USA, and contributes about 11.4 and 11.9 per cent to the total world production/consumption of NPK nutrients respectively. However, in terms of consumption per hectare, the consumption of India (104.5 kg per hectare) is lower than neighboring countries, showing scope of further increase. The consumption of chemical fertilizer in India by and large was stagnant from 2001-02 to 2003-04. However, it has increased during the last two years; consumption during 2010-11 was 243.40 lakh metric tons (LMT) of NPK nutrients which is the highest ever achieved. The Urea, Diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate used to provide NPK and a rapid sustained agricultural growth and development of various agronomical and horticulture crops, and they are also useful in all crops. The importance of the fertilizer sector in India need hardly be emphasized as it provides a very vital input for the growth of Indian agriculture. Therefore fertilizers are mostly preferred by farmers. The present study is undertaken to the existing Marketing mix of Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemical Limited in Buldana district, farmers and dealers expectations from company and constraint in marketing of Fertilizers in Buldana district. Five tehsils were selected from purposively selected Buldana district for selection of respondents. From each selected tehsil randomly seven dealers for all talukas were selected. From each tehsil thirty four farmers were selected randomly. So finally total sample size of dealers 35 and farmers 170 were selected. The company had adopted skimming price policy to sell its wide range of fertilizers products in the market. According to the study, it found that 80 per cent of farmers are satisfied about fertilizers and 70 per cent were not satisfied about packaging,98 per cent farmers’ expect that the company should provide the good quality product, 82 per cent farmers expect company should provide extra promotional activities and 70 per cent farmers expect expert visit in farm. While 88 per cent dealers expect more promotional activities, 85 per cent also expect more farmers meeting and 77 per cent dealers expect spot demonstrations. The local retailer and farmers were the main source of suggestion for farmers to use of fertilizers for the crops. The results of the project work show some main constraints in marketing of fertilizers as 91 per cent dealers thing its risky investment and 85 per cent also give opinion as its high competition. The result of project work suggested that company should provide the product timely and keep in touch with farmers continuously regular farmer visit, field visit, demonstration and to creation of better information among farmers about product. The system of products distributions should make in well manner to provide the product to retailers/dealers/distributors and meeting of them must be held before commencement of season and reward to retailers/dealers/distributors according to on the achievement target and also should be given some attractive offers which will motivate them for more selling. The study shows that the number of companies involving in production and marketing of fertilizers is in increasing mode and the area like buldana districts is the productive place for the growing organizations. However Nagarjuna fertilizers and chemical limited is one of the organizations which is taking a better place and making the future. Though the sustainable agriculture is a new concept for the farmers and is still in down position but the response from the market is genuinely positive which a good sign for fertilizers producers.