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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Synthesis of ammonium salts of some carboxylic acids with amines and their potential as bioregulators
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Seth, Anubhuti; Sharma, M.L.
    The present study includes the synthesis of seventy-one new ammonium salts and their potential as plant growth regulators. The tertiary amines were prepared from different aldehydes by Leuckart’s reaction and through the formation of glycidyl ester of epichlorohydrin with different 3-aryl prop-2-en-oic acids and 2-aryloxy ethanoate, which in turn were prepared by Knoevenagel reaction on different aldehydes and Williamson synthesis on various phenols, respectively. The products obtained after each step were characterized by chemical (TLC) and spectroscopic methods like NMR and IR. Cinnamic acids and Phenoxyacetic acids were synthesized from different benzaldehydes (4-Cl, 3-NO2, 2- NO2, 4-OCH3, H) and phenols (2-Cl, 4-Cl, 4-NO2, 4-Cl-3-CH3 and 2,4-di Cl). The ammonium salts were prepared by reacting these synthesized tertiary amines and other amines i.e. ethanolamine, diethylamine, piperidine with equimolar ratio of synthesized acids. For the preparation of bis-quaternary ammonium salts, maleic acid and fumaric acid were first converted into their dichloride by reacting with thionyl chloride, which were then quaternized with synthesized tertiary amines. Testing of biological activity was performed by using different concentrations of newly synthesized ammonium salts and their effect on seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa, PR-114) under laboratory conditions at 28±2º was studied. An effort to establish structure activity relationship (SAR) was made on the basis of the data obtained from the biological activity. All the compounds were found to possess plant growth retardant activity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AGAINST Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Rupinder Kaur; Joshi, Neelam
    Natural mortality of Spodoptera litura due to entomopathogens was recorded on different available crops during May to October, 2008. Among the microorganisms, the incidence was highest due to virus (6.45 %) followed by bacteria (5.00%) and fungi (3.00%). The mortality of S. litura due to virus, bacteria and fungi was maximum during 2nd fortnight of July, 2nd fortnight of May and 2nd fortnight of August, respectively. The maximum mean per cent mortality due to bacteria (5.00%) was on cabbage and due to fungi and virus (3.00% and 6.45%, respectively) was on arvi (Colocasia esculenta) crop. Five entomopathogenic fungi and four locally isolated fungal isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological characteristics. Beauveria bassiana isolates showed regular colony borders with white cottony and powdery mycelium, conidia were oval in shape, smooth and hyaline and spore size ranged from 2.1 x 2.0 to 2.2 x 2.0 μm. Colonies of Nomuraea rileyi were white initially and later turned pale green and hyphae were septate and hyaline and size of conidium ranged from 2.4 x 2.2 to 2.6 x 2.1 μm. In case of Metarhizium anisopliae, conidia were cylindrical, tapering and aspetate and their size ranged from 5.5 x 3.1 to 5.5 x 3.3 μm. All locally isolated fungi were initially white in colour and later turned to pale green (PAUF1 and PAUF2) or olive green (PAUF3 and PAUF4). Among the four different media studied for radial growth, N.rileyi-MTCC, N.rileyi-DOR, PAUF1 and PAUF2 showed good growth on SMAY, while B.bassiana showed good growth on PCA and in case of M.anisopliae, PAUF3 and PAUF4 best growth was observed on SDAY medium. Efficacy of different entomopathogenic fungal isolates at three different concentrations were evaluated against second instar larvae of Spodoptera litura at 25°C and was observed that the mortality at higher concentration (108 conidia /ml) was significantly better than middle concentration (107 conidia /ml) which in turn were significantly better than lower concentration (106 conidia /ml). At higher concentration, i.e. 108 conidia /ml, N. rileyi -MTCC showed cent per cent mortality followed by B.bassiana-PDBC and B.bassiana-MTCC which gave 76.67 and 66.67 per cent mortality, respectively at the same concentrations. N. rileyi-MTCC gave LT50 value of five days followed by B. bassiana-MTCC and B. bassiana-PDBC which gave LT50 of eight and seven days, respectively. Bioassay studies at different temperatures viz. 20ºC, 25ºC and 30ºC against second instar larvae of S.litura under laboratory conditions revealed that fungal isolates were more virulent at 25ºC and 30ºC than at 20ºC.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Drying kinetics of osmotically treated papaya (Carica papaya L.)
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Mondhe Dnyaneshwar Santu; Satish Kumar, Gupta
    The study on the drying kinetics of osmotically treated papaya (Carica papaya L.) was undertaken to select the best osmotically treated papaya samples and to select the suitable package material for extending the shelf-life based on physicochemical quality and sensory evaluation. The papaya was peeled, cut into cubical forms and given osmotic treatment of three different concentrations (0Brix) of osmotic solution for three different durations (h). These samples were then air-dried at three different temperatures and quality parameters were analyzed after osmotic treatment, before convective drying and then after convective drying and the best concentration, duration of osmosis and best drying temperature were selected to further develop the product. Fresh papaya cubes without osmotic treatment were also subjected to air drying. The drying kinetics of osmotically treated and untreated papaya samples was studied. These osmo-treated air-dried and untreated air-dried products were packaged in LAF and HDPE films and were then stored under ambient conditions and refrigerated temperature (3±0.50C). The analysis was carried out to estimate the quality and shelf-life of the stored osmotically treated and air-dried papaya during the whole storage period of four months. The parameters evaluated were moisture content (%), color difference in terms of Δb value, hardness (g-force), ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml of fresh juice), shrinkage/volume change (%) and sensory characteristics such as color, texture and flavour etc. Loss of ascorbic acid content was minimum during the storage period. Based on the physicochemical quality parameters and sensory evaluation, it was found that the best physical product was osmotically treated and air-dried one under the conditions of osmotic treatment for 6 h with 65 0Brix and then air-dried at 60 0C for 400 min and stored at refrigerated temperature. LAF film was the best packaging material for extending the shelf-life of treated and untreated products stored at room temperature and refrigerated temperature respectively. HDPE was found best for treated product stored at refrigerated temperature and maintaining the quality of product up to four months. Refrigerated conditions were observed as the better storage conditions than the room temperature. The statistical analysis was also done to check the significance of different packaging materials used under different storage conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design and Implementation of Human Resou Management Application for E-Governance at PAU
    (PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) Jasbir Kaur; B.K. Sawhney
    Computers are finding their way into every business, industry and research activity today. The use of computers is diverse such as entertainment, education, problem solving, research, personal management etc. In an organization, the process of maintaining the record of employees requires processing and record keeping in different departments. Keeping in view a strong need for managing and integrating the above information effectively and efficiently, Web Based HRMS has been designed and developed. Human Resource Management System is a computerized solution to the various problems faced in the existing manual system. In the system there is a registration process each for the Employee, Head of Department, Administrator and Office Staff. Anyone can use this system according to his/her privileges. This channel of information will provide better features to the employees since there valuable time will be saved. This system will help in reducing the paper work. The proposed system provides additional features, which will help in better management and also make the work of users easier. In a nutshell, the proposed system in worth implementing. The database has been designed using MYSQL and the application has been developed using PHP, JavaScript, CSS and HTML.