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ThesisItem Restricted Detection and molecular characterization of foot and mouth disease virus from persistently infected bovine(2023-07) Ankit Pannu; Dahiya, SwatiFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an OIE-listed highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Routinely, FMD virus (FMDV) 3AB3 non-structural protein (NSP) based indirect ELISA test is used for population serosurveys as an indicator of exposure to virus to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) in India. For this, serum samples (n=377) collected from 6-18 month old cattle and buffaloes from nine villages of district Hisar, Haryana during 2022 as per the sample plan developed by ICAR-NIVEDI were subjected to DIVA ELISA. NSP reactivity was found to be 5.3% (20/377) in both, cattle (11.3%; 12/106) and buffaloes (3.0%; 8/271). Two buffaloes from 20 NSP reactors when sampled at a gap of nine months were found to be negative for FMDV 3AB3 NSP Abs as well as for FMDV by real time RT-PCR and RT- Multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR). No FMD outbreak was reported from Haryana during 2022. Further sampling was carried out from an organized cattle farm in which bi-annual FMD+HS combined vaccination has been carried out regularly. There was no history of FMD outbreak on this farm for more than a decade. DIVA reactivity of 43.75% (7/16) was observed in cattle (6-18 months age) of this farm which could be linked to either false positive reactions or scars of past exposure and virus elimination at the time of OPF sampling. The blood parameters between NSP positive and NSP negative animals were statistically insignificant. The only animal exhibiting antibody titresThesisItem Embargo Pathobiological studies on cadmium induced subacute toxicity and evaluation of its amelioration by brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) with special reference to neurotoxicity in wistar rats(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-06) Chaudhary, Vishal; Sharma, ManeeshAn experimental study was conducted in male Wistar rats to assess the effects of cadmium (Cd) induced subacute toxicity and the ameliorative effect of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) ethanolic extract supplementation. A total of 48 male Wistar rats of approximately 6-8 weeks old were randomly divided into 8 groups i.e., G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G6, G-7 and G-8 with 6 rats in each group. G-1 was kept as control, administered with distilled water, G-2 was orally administered with high (1/5th LD50) dose of CdCl2 , G-3 was orally administered with medium (1/10th LD50) dose of CdCl2 , G-4 was orally administered with lower (1/20th LD50 ) dose of CdCl2 , G-5 was orally administered with high (1/5th LD50) dose of CdCl2 along with Brahmi extract supplementation @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally, G-6 was orally administered with medium (1/10th LD50) dose of CdCl2 , along with Brahmi extract supplementation @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally, G-7 was orally administered with lower (1/20th LD50) dose of CdCl2 along with Brahmi extract supplementation @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally, G-8 was kept as Brahmi control and supplemented with Brahmi extract @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally. The rats of groups G-2, G-3 and G-4 intoxicated with Cd exhibited varying degree of clinical signs such as dullness, reduced feed intake, alopecia, hunch back posture and chromodacryorrhoea on 22nd day onwards upto end of experiment. One mortality was observed only in group intoxicated with high dose of Cd (G-2) on 26th day of Cd intoxication. Significant decrease in wire hanging test, photoactometer activity and forced swim test were observed in Cd intoxicated rats (G-2, G-3 and G-4) in dose dependent manner as compared to control groups (G-1 and G-8). Mean body weight and organs weight was significantly decreased in Cd intoxicated groups (G-2, G-3 and G4) as compared to their respective control groups (G-1 and G-8). Haematological studies showed significant decrease in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCHC and platelets count while non-significant decrease in MCH in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) at the end of experimental study. Mean TLC count was significantly decreased and differential leucocyte counts revealed neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) as compared to their respective control groups. Biochemical studies showed significant decrease in mean total serum protein, albumin and globulin concentration and significant increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, glucose, serum amylase, BUN and creatinine concentration in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) at the end of experimental study. LPO activity in different organs (liver, kidney, brain and testes) was significantly increased, while SOD and catalase activity were significantly decreased in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) as compared to their respective control groups. Mean NO activity was significantly increased and AchE activity was decreased in brain tissues of rats intoxicated with Cd (G-2, G-3 and G-4) in dose dependent manner as compared to their respective control groups. On gross examination, rats of groups G-2, G-3 and G-4 showed varying degrees of atrophy, congestion and haemorrhages in liver, kidneys, brain, testes and spleen. Histopathological lesions in groups G-2, G-3 and G-3 revealed varying degrees of congestion, degenerative changes in hepatocytes, bile duct proliferation, MNC‟s infiltration and degenerative changes in tubular epithelium, nephritis in kidneys, congestion in meningeal blood vessels of brain, degeneration of neurons in cerebral cortex region, CA3 region of hippocampus and Purkinje cells in cerebellum, Alzheimer‟s tyle-II astrocytes were present in brain, necrotic changes in seminiferous tubules of testes, sloughing of ciliated epithelium and necrotic sperm debris in epididymis and depletion of lymphocytes in spleen. Cd concentration in different organs (liver, kidney, brain and testes) was significantly increased in Cd intoxicated groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) as compared to their respective control groups. However, Cd concentration was non-significantly decreased in Brahmi supplemented groups intoxicated with high dose of Cd cadmium (G-5) as compared to the groups G-2. Cd intoxicated groups (G-6 and G-7) supplemented with Brahmi showed comparatively less toxicity effects in all the parameters studied, as compared to G-3 and G-4, respectively. Results of the present study indicates that Brahmi supplementation along with Cd intoxication showed ameliorative effect in medium and low doses of CdThesisItem Embargo Histological and histochemical studies on the small intestine of domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-06-06) Deswal, Navreet; Gahlot, Parveen KumarTen pigs of 8 to 10 months of age were used to study the histology and histochemistry of the small intestine. The villi were of different shapes and sizes were present throughout the length of small intestine. They were short and leaf shaped in initial portion of the intestine but gradually increased in height and was finger shaped towards the jejunum and again gradually decreased in height towards the ileo-caecal junction. The epithelium was simple columnar with goblet cells. The number of goblet cells increased towards ileum. Histochemical studies of the goblet cells in the epithelium showed presence of glycogen and both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides but there was predominance of acidic mucopolysaccharides. Hyaluronic acid and sialmucins were also demonstrated in goblet cells by Alcian blue stain (pH 2.5). The enterochromaffin cells were present in all segments of intestine and there number was more in cranial duodenum.. The intestinal glands were simple tubular gland lined with columnar epithelium and were consisted of columnar, goblet, enterochromaffin cells. The intestinal glands showed presence of glycogen and both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides but there was predominance of acidic one especially in goblet cells. The activity towards the Alcian Blue was also strong in intestinal glands of the small intestine. The Brunner’s glands were tubulo-alveolar and mucus in nature. They were present in submucosa of duodenum and there number was decreased from cranial to caudal portion of duodenum. Histochemical studies of Brunner’s glands showed moderate to strong reaction with the PAS but the reaction was strong towards the luminal surface for neutral mucosubstance. Brunner’s glands also showed weak activity towards alcian blue stain. The lymphoid nodules were present on the anti-mesenteric part of the intestine. These lymphatic nodules were locate from caudal jejunum to all segments of ileum. The lymphatic nodules or Peyer’s patches were of various shapes and sizes. Their shape varied from round to oval but their size mostly small to medium. The Peyer’s patches along with follicle associated epithelium (FAE) were observed in caudal jejunum and entire ileum. The lymphatic nodules were having lightly germial center packed with lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, macrophages and plasma cells. The darkly stained peripheral zone called corona was having densely packed lymphocytes.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of supplementation of zinc and nano zinc on Post thaw variables and oxidative status of bovine semen(2023-06) Sudarshan Kumar; Sindhu, SoniaThe present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementation of zinc and nano zinc on post thaw variables and oxidative status of bovine semen The concentration of ZnCl2 and nano ZnO was optimized for use in semen extender. 22 semen ejaculates from three indigenous cattle bulls were supplemented with the optimized concentration of ZnCl2 (40mg/ml) and ZnONP (10 and 20 µg/ml) and were cryopreserved as per the standard freezing protocol. Semen was evaluated for morphological, motility and antioxidant parameters. Microbial load was also evaluated. It was observed that the nanoparticles supplementation significantly increased pre and post freezing motility parameters of semen in groups 1 and 2 in comparison to control group and group 3. Post thaw seminal parameters viz., intact acrosome, plasma membrane integrity and percent live sperms were found to be significantly better in semen samples supplemented with nanoparticles with 20 µg/ml as compared group 1, 3 and control. Lipid peroxidation levels reduced, significantly in all supplemented groups as compared to control and ROS levels significantly reduced in samples supplemented with 20 µg/ml NPs. Level of glutathione peroxidase and reductase was significantly reduced in group 2 supplemented with 20 µg/ml NPs as compared to control. Microbial load of frozen thawed semen sample was evaluated to check the growth of common contaminants of semen samples by spread plate method. The NP supplemented semen samples had very less bacterial colonies as compared to control and group 3. Thus it can be concluded that nano ZnO as a supplement in the bull semen extender can be used to enhance the quality of semen as well as to replace the use of antibiotics in semen extender.ThesisItem Embargo Serosurveillance, seromonitoring and kinetics of humoral immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus in goats(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-07) Kaur, Aman deep; Lathar, AnshulSmall ruminants comprise the majority of the world's foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) susceptible population. But FMD surveillance and control strategies in the country largely ignore small ruminants, known to be critical in the epidemiology of the disease. Continued seromonitoring and serosurveillance of FMD in small ruminants is essential to extend support to FMD control decisions particularly regarding vaccination. In order to determine the vaccinal immune response of goats belonging to the different districts of Haryana, 416 pre-vaccination and 400 post-vaccination serum samples of goats were analyzed by SPCE. The percentage of serum samples having protective antibody titres (≥1.65 log10) during pre-vaccination was 43.2, 23.0 & 27.1 which increased to 57.2, 31.2 & 30.7 one month after FMD vaccination against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia -1, respectively. The antibody titres were found highest against type O serotype. The E. coli expressed recombinant 3AB3 NSP based indirect ELISA were used on serum samples of goats collected from different districts of Haryana to detect the percent of infected/carrier animals in the state. Out of 903 serum samples, one hundred forty-eight (16.3%) goats were found to be positive for NSP (DIVA) reactivity providing a serological evidence of viral activity. One aspect of the work was to study the kinetics of humoral immune response in the FMDV vaccinated goats at an organized farm. In this study, forty goats (twenty kids and twenty adult) of beetle breed were vaccinated with oil adjuvanted trivalent (having FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia-1) inactivated FMD vaccine. Six goats were kept as control animals in which vaccine was not administered. Blood samples were collected regularly upto seven months. No adverse reaction was observed in the vaccinated goats. The FMDV vaccinated goats developed a strong humoral immune response against all the three FMDV serotypes with peak antibody titers observed at four weeks post-vaccination. The protective antibody levels (≥1.65 log10) persisted in both the vaccinated groups (kids as well as adults) for seven months. The mean antibody titres in adult goats were found superior and statistically significant in comparison to the kids during the study. Based on these findings, it is recommended that FMD vaccinations on a regular basis should be performed in small ruminants in order to effectively implement the FMD control plan in the state/country and achieve FMD-free status in future.ThesisItem Embargo Comparative evaluation of minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis and open plating method with application of collagen for long bone fracture repair in dogs(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-07) Joney; Sharma, SatbirThe main objective of present study was to assess the efficacy of minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique and open plating method with application of collagen at fractured site for management of long bone fracture. Twelve dogs were divided into two groups, each having six dogs, irrespective of age, breed, or sex. In group1, Minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique was applied while in group2, fractures were stabilized with open plating method along with application of collagen at fractured site. Radiographic and haemato-biochemical evaluation of animals were done i.e pre and post-operative (Immediate after surgery, 15th, 30th and 60th days). Standard medications, anaesthetic protocols and surgical procedures were followed to minimize animal sufferings. At different time intervals, group1 dogs performed better than group2 in terms of mean weight bearing, functional limb usage and callus formation scores. In present study, few complications were also observed like angulation of affected limb, screw loosened, plate and screw dislodgement, broken screws but they still embedded in bone and resulted to non-union of fractured bone were recorded in different cases. Based on comparative study of parameters under observation, it was concluded that minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis technique was better than latter one.ThesisItem Embargo Evaluation of buprenorphine hydrochloride and fentanyl citrate for postoperative pain management in Buffaloes undergoing Diaphragmatic Herniorraphy(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-07) Deepanshu; Chaudhary, Ram NajarThe study was conducted in 18 buffaloes suffering from diaphragmatic hernia reported to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar. Animals were randomly divided into three groups having six animals each. After pre-anaesthetic medication with atropine (0.044 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.05 mg/kg body weight), each animal was restrained in lateral recumbency for induction of anaesthesia. Fifteen minutes after xylazine administration buprenorphine hydrochloride (6 µg/kg body weight, BID) or fentanyl citrate (2 µg/kg body weight, QID) was administered intravenously, in group B and group F respectively. However, in group FP, transdermal fentanyl patches (0.5 µg/kg/hr, on skin) were applied 18 hrs before the anaesthetic induction for diaphragmatic herniorraphy on the medial aspect of foreleg between elbow and carpal joint which were secured with adhesive tape. Induction was achieved using propofol (1.3 mg/kg body weight, IV) and isoflurane was used for maintenance of anaesthesia. It was observed that inclusion of opioids analgesic (buprenorphine hydrochloride/fentanyl citrate/Transdermal fentanyl patch) significantly reduced the post-operative pain in buffalo undergoing diaphragmatic herniorraphy. However, the patches of fentanyl citrate were found to be more effective analgesic than intravenous injection of fentanyl citrate followed by buprenorphine hydrochloride in buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorraphy. The preoperative application of transdermal patches of fentanyl citrate (0.5µg/kg/hr) produces consistent and satisfactory analgesia for longer duration with lesser stress. There was no significant change in the clinical as well as haemato-biochemical parameters of buffaloes administered buprenorphine hydrochloride, fentanyl citrate and transdermal application of fentanyl patches.ThesisItem Embargo Survey of blood types in different breeds of dog population in Haryana and therapeutic evaluation of packed RBCs transfusion in anaemic dogs(LUVAS Hisar, 2024-03) Gupta, Shivika; Yadav, RajendraThe survey on blood typing in dog population of Haryana was conducted on 150 blood samples of dogs (using commercial KABB Dog Blood Typing Kit) collected from three different agroclimatic zones of Haryana including eleven districts. It revealed the positivity rate of DEA 1 to be 96.6%, out of which 57.30% were of DEA 1.1 type, 39.3% were DEA 1.2 type whereas 3.3% of tested dogs were negative for DEA 1 blood type. Considerable breed wise variation was observed. Among studied breeds high positivity rate was found in Bull-dog, Chow-chow, Cocker spaniel, Indian spitz, Saint Bernard, Lhasa ipso and Tibetan Mastiff i.e.100% followed by Schitzu (83.3%) whereas high positivity rate of DEA 1.2 blood type was found in Grey Hound, Dalmatian, Doberman i.e. 100% followed by non-descript (75%). In present study, whole blood units were collected aseptically from jugular vein from eleven canine donors after their proper screening into commercially available double blood bag system containing CPDA-1 as anticoagulant. Component separation was carried out using temperature regulated centrifuge at 2200 g at 220C for 10 minutes and using plasma extractor to produce pRBCs and platelet rich plasma. Packed RBCs were stored at 4 ± 2⁰C in a blood bank refrigerator and samples were taken at day 0, 14 and 28 for storage lesion study. To check the time-dependent changes in biochemical parameters like pH, sodium, chloride and potassium in supernatant, seven samples of pRBC were taken. Six samples of packed RBC were studied for measuring the level antioxidant parameters (GSH and MDA). Parameters like pH and GSH showed significant (p<0.05) decrease during storage period from day 0 to day 28. Sodium, chloride and potassium in supernatant showed significant (p<0.05) increase during storage period. Morphological studies of packed RBC were also performed by making Giemsa-stained blood smear of stored units of packed RBC to observe change in shape and size of red blood cell and it was observed that there was increase in echinocyte and spherocytes during storage period. A total of 23 severely anaemic dogs which were screened were included in the study reported at Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Luvas, Hisar, Haryana over a period of six months from April to September, 2023 out of which 17 anaemic dogs underwent transfusion and six anemic dogs were administered with multivitamin therapy along with the treatment of underlying cause. Seven dogs received whole blood and nine dogs received packed RBC according to their requirement and clinical condition. There was significant (p<0.05) increase in Haemoglobin (g/dl), packed cell volume (%) and TEC (106 /mm3 ) from pre-transfusion (Day 0) to post-transfusion (Day 3) in both the groups of anemic dogs receiving whole blood and packed RBC. Both Packed RBC and whole blood transfusion resulted in clinical improvement as well as improvement in haematological parameters in anaemic dogs. A survey through questionnaire was also conducted related to awareness regrading canine blood donation to motivate the pet owners and to assess the factors which hinder them to donate their dog‘s blood which was filled by 108 respondents who visited to the university hospital with their pet and it was found that all the motivating factors significantly (p<0.05) motivated the pet owners regarding canine blood donation and 73 out of 108 respondents got highly motivated after getting awareness regarding canine blood donation. Pet owners in the survey were most afraid of the fact that complications are possible during donation (n = 37) due to lack of information. This suggests that donor recruitment could be markedly increased by improving the awareness of pet owners about pet blood donation.ThesisItem Embargo Genetic evaluation of test day milk yield vis-a-vis thermotolerance in murrah buffaloes(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-12) Yadav,Tejwanti; Dhaka, S. S.The present study was conducted on 646 buffaloes maintained at Buffalo Research Centre (BRC) Department of Livestock Production Management, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar over a period of 28 years (1993-2020). The overall least squares means for ten different test days, FLMY and F305DMY were 3.94±0.06, 7.79±0.07, 8.58±0.07, 8.61±0.08, 8.18±0.08, 6.65±0.13, 6.26±0.12, 5.61±0.12, 5.03±0.12, 4.42±0.11, 2273.68±23.41, 2135.72±18.69 in kg/day, respectively. The effect of period of calving was statistically significant (P<0.01) on all test day records (TD1 to TD10 ), FLMY and F305DMY. The season of calving was statistically significant on TD2 , TD3 and TD4. The effect of regression on AFC was statistically significant effect on TD1 TO TD5 and FLMY and F305DMY. The estimates of heritability of various test day milk records ranged from 0.11(TD9) to 0.52 (TD8). Model 1 was best for all the test day milk records except TD6, FLMY and F305DMY where model 2 was adjudged as the best because of maximum likelihood value. The average estimated breeding values for traits viz. TD1, TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, FLMY and F305DMY,were 3.94 kg/day,7.90 kg/day,8.66 kg/day, 8.68 kg/day, 8.30 kg/day, 7.91 kg/day, 7.40 kg/day, 6.73 kg/day, 6.18 kg/day, 5.49 kg/day, 2325.92 kg and 2181.42 kg respectively. The rank correlations between the ranking of the sires calculated among Test Days varied from 0.094 (TD1 and TD2) to 0.691 (TD5 and TD6) whereas product moment correlations varies from 0.072(TD1 and TD2) to 0.692 (TD5 and TD6). Rank correlation between FLMY and test days varies from 0.148 (FLMY and TD1) to 0.668 (FLMY and TD7) while product moment correlation between traits ranged from 0.181 (FLMY and TD1) to 0.667 (FLMY and TD7). Rank correlation between F305DMY and test days varies from 0.225 (F305DMY and TD1) to 0.691 (F305DMY and TD7) while product moment correlation between traits ranged from 0.239 (F305DMY and TD1) to 0.700 (F305DMY and TD5).
